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Learning and Implicit Processes Laboratory

Learning and Implicit Processes Laboratory. ALG - 5 December 2008. IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013. 1. Composition 2 faculty (1 full time, 1 10% + 90% postdoc) 9 postdocs 8 PhD 1 support staff 2. Main research themes Learning via instructions - Evaluative conditioning

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Learning and Implicit Processes Laboratory

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  1. Learning and Implicit Processes • Laboratory Distinction Procedure, Effect, and Theory – Jan De Houwer - 09/06/2006 ALG - 5 December 2008 IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013

  2. 1. Composition 2 faculty (1 full time, 1 10% + 90% postdoc) 9 postdocs 8 PhD 1 support staff 2. Main research themes Learning via instructions - Evaluative conditioning Automatic evaluative processing - Implicit measures Emotions - Cognitive control Lying - Contingency learning Addiction - attentional bias I. Intro Distinction Procedure, Effect, and Theory – Jan De Houwer - 09/06/2006 IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013

  3. II. Core concepts • 1. Implicit = Automatic (Moors & De Houwer, 2006) • - not all-or-none (e.g., intentional, efficient, … vs unintentional, inefficient) • - requires a decompositional approach: a process can have features of automaticity (e.g., unintentional) AND non-automaticity (e.g.,efficient) • 2. Processes: Functional-cognitive approach (De Houwer, 2011) • - effect = functional process = impact of environment on behavior • => explain behavior by describing effect (e.g., conditioning) • => not defined in terms of mental processes • => focus on MODERATORS of effects • => automatic effect: Effect that occurs under certain (sub-optimal) environmental conditions (e.g., little time, in the presence of other difficult tasks, in the absence of task to show the effect, …) Distinction Procedure, Effect, and Theory – Jan De Houwer - 09/06/2006 IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013

  4. - mental process = mental mechanism (causal chain) • => explain effects by describing mental processes (e.g., association formation, attitude activation) • => focus on MEDIATORS of effects • => automatic mental process: Mental process that occurs under suboptimal environmental (or mental-process) conditions (e.g., little time, absence of mental resources, absence of goals, …). • - functional and cognitive level are independent but mutually supportive • => not functional VERSUS cognitive • => use functional approach to strengthen cognitive and cognitive to strengthen functional approach Distinction Procedure, Effect, and Theory – Jan De Houwer - 09/06/2006 ALG - 5 December 2008 IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013

  5. 3. Learning (De Houwer et al., in press) • - We define it as an effect / functional process: A change in behavior that is caused by a regularity in the environment • => regularity in presence of 1 stimulus: non-associative learning • => regularity in presence of 2 stimuli: classical conditioning • => regularity in presence of behavior and stimulus: operant conditioning • - Theoretical freedom: learning due to associations or propositions? • Functional learning research aims to uncover the moderators of learning: when do regularities result in a change in behavior? • Cognitive learning research aims to uncover the mediators of learning: what mental processes mediate the impact of regularities on behavior (e.g., associations vs. propositions) • Functional level (moderators) is input for cognitive level (mediators) Distinction Procedure, Effect, and Theory – Jan De Houwer - 09/06/2006 ALG - 5 December 2008 IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013

  6. - Special attention to non-automaticity of (automatic) learning and automaticity of non-automatic learning • * (evaluative) conditioning, habituation => typically considered to be “automatic” we examine features of non-automaticity and role of higher-order processes • * learning via instruction => typically considered to be “non- automatic” but we examine features of automaticity Distinction Procedure, Effect, and Theory – Jan De Houwer - 09/06/2006 ALG - 5 December 2008 IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013

  7. 4. Evaluation (De Houwer et al., submitted) • We define it as an effect / functional process: A change in evaluative responses that is caused by a stimulus • Theoretical freedom: implicit evaluations due to propositions? • We emphasize non-automaticity of automatic evaluation / emotions (e.g., role of attention, goals, appraisals) Distinction Procedure, Effect, and Theory – Jan De Houwer - 09/06/2006 ALG - 5 December 2008 IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013

  8. 5. Other processes (in preparation) • Always try to define the to-be-explained effect (functional process) independently form the explanatory mental process. • E.g.: Cognitive control • - cannot be equated with certain effects like Stroop effect or Gratton effect (e.g., Schmidt & De Houwer, 2011) • - can be defined as a mental process that mediates stimulus control (= impact of stimuli on operant behavior) Distinction Procedure, Effect, and Theory – Jan De Houwer - 09/06/2006 ALG - 5 December 2008 IUAP 2013 - 15 Februari 2013

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