Socioeconomic Impacts of Designating a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Korea

1. Socioeconomic Impacts of Designating a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Korea Won Keun Chang & Jung Ho Nam Korea Maritime Institute

2. Agenda • Definition of MPA ? • Current Status of MPAs in Korea • Policy Change in MPA Management • Issues on MPA Management • Conflict Resolution as a Key Process

3. Definitions • Ariticle 2. Law on Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystem • A area for special protection which contains high marine biodiversity, important ecological entities, and valuable resources such as pristine coastal landscape. • IUCN WCU • any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment (world Conservation Union) • Wikipedia.org • a wide range of marine areas with some level of restriction to protect living, non-living, cultural, and/or historic resources

4. Current Status of MPAs in Korea (1/3) (Nam et al., 2004) • Major Statistics and Features of MPAs • No. of designated areas : 425 • Marine Protected Area: 10,667.9 km2 • equivalent to 10.7% of national land area (99,514 km2) 2.4% of national sea waters (447,000 km2) 13.1% of national territorial sea area • Mean size : 25.1 km2 (0.065 to 256 km2) • 10,000 km2, minimum size for protection of ecosystem and species (Nam et al., 2004) (MOMAF, 2006)

5. Current Status of MPAs in Korea (2/3) • Geographical Classification of MPAs (Nam & Chang, 2006) EEZ Territorial Sea Ecosystem Reserves (5) Birds Habitats (86) Wetlands (7) Uninhabited Islands (153) National Parks (4) Natural Heritages (153) Marine Resources (4), Fisheries (10) Underwater 12 nm 200 nm Coastal Lands Coastal Waters Coastline

6. Current Status of MPAs in Korea (3/3) • Legal and institutional mechanism : 4 ministries and 10 laws (Nam et al., 2004) MOE (Environment) - NIER (Res. Inst.) MOMAF (Maritime Affairs and Fisheries) - NFRDI (Res. Inst.) Marine Pollution Prev. Act Law on Cons & Mgt of Marine Ecosystem * Framework Act on Mar. Fish. Dev. Wildlife Protection Act Natural Parks Act Special Act on Islands Wetlands Cons. Act Natural Env. Cons. Act MCT (Culture & Heritage Protection) MOCT (Construction & Transportation) Prot of Cultural Properties. Act Nat’l Develop. Planning Law Law on Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystem : newly enacted in Oct. 2006

7. Policy Changes in MPA Management of Korea ’01~’03 Wetlands Protected Areas ’68~’88 Coastal & Marine National Parks ’02~’03 Marine Ecosystem Reserves ’75~’82 Fisheries Resources Protected Areas ’96~’98 Bird Habitats ’00~’04 Uninhabited Protected islands Broadening of policy scope Establishment of institutional mechanism 1996 1968 2000 Ecosystem-based Approach Introduced • Lack of follow-up actions afterward desig. • Land-based approach (extension of land NP) • Expansion of MPAs’ areas • Episodic Implementation • Surveys to support decision-making • Public awareness on coastal wetland protection • Introduction of a comprehensive ocean management system • Revision of legal & institutional mechanism for C/MPAs • National Plans & Policies

8. Issues on MPA Management (1/4) - Based on the SWOT analysis • Strength and Opportunity • Enactment and amendment of new laws • Improvement of national management system • Expansion of numbers and areas of MPAs • Application of advanced institutional mechanisms and management tools • ICM plans at the local and national levels, Comprehensive Marine Env. Mgt. Plan • Adoption of Zoning System • Stricter approval procedures for coastal area reclamation • Enhanced management capacity • Establishment of a new division in MOMAF (Marine Ecosystem Division) • Enactment of new “Law on Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystems”(Oct. 2006)

9. Issues on MPA Management (2/4) - Based on the SWOT analysis • Strength and Opportunity (cont’d) • Increased surveys and researches • Wetlands, coastal areas • Marine environmental monitoring • Increase of management budget for MPAs • Enhancement of public awareness and interest • Partnerships at the regional and global levels, bilateral cooperation • Incorporation of Ecosystem-based Approach into national policies and plans (3rd National Comprehensive Plan for Marine Environment Conservation)

10. Issues on MPA Management (3/4) - Based on the SWOT analysis • Lack of conflict resolution mechanism • Lack of institutional mechanism to effectively deal with conflicts among stakeholders • Threat and Weakness • Designation procedures need more scientific and systematic criteria • Ambiguous and abstract designation criteria • - little difference in designation criteria among MPAs • lack of detailed and well-defined procedures •  Conflicts between ministries and stakeholders in the designation process •  Increase of claims against the designation of MPAs • Insufficient information for the rational decision-making • Limited information, despite increase in survey activities • Lack of researches on ecological functions of coastal and marine ecosystems • Very few “issue-oriented” or “problem solving-oriented” surveys or researches

11. Issues on MPA Management (4/4) - Based on the SWOT analysis • Threat and Weakness (cont’d) • Lack of effective management system to achieve designation objectives • Rigid top-down approach based on command and control, and lack of plans or • in-situ implementation projects for effective protection • Lack of effective countermeasures against development pressures •  “Paper parks”, “Plans on the Shelf” • Limited public participation in the planning process, and lack of systematic support system for local residents • Lack of institutional mechanisms to enhance public participation • ↔ genuine participation based on sharing powers • Lack of site-specific supporting systems • Lack of integrated management system at the national, ministerial & local levels • Strengthening sectoral approach, rather than integration

12. Conflict Conflict Zoning, support Conflict Enforcement Conflict Cancellation or minimization 4 1 2 3 Survey Financing Planning Designation Implementation Monitoring & new issue identification Human & physical resources Evaluation & Revision Conflict Resolution as a Key Process for Success of MPAS • Regulation of socio-economic activities, present and potential • Encroaches of free exercise of private property rights • Public interests Vs. Private interests (Nam, 2006)

13. Assessment of areas Boundary demarcation Criteria Conflict Resolution as a Key Process for Success of MPAS • Criteria, plausible or implausible • Information & data, sufficient or deficient • Building consensus or not Plausible & Scientific Criteria Sharing data Joint-fact finding Participatory Deliberation & Consensus

14. Conflict Resolution as a Key Process for Success of MPAS • Case study (Chang et al., 2006) Unit: 100K $(USD)/yr

15. Pot Fishing (0.09 M$) Total Income (1.86 M$) Sport Fishing (1.34 M$) Gill Net (0.43 M$) Conflict Resolution as a Key Process for Success of MPAS • Case study (con’t) (Chang et al., 2006)

16. Thank you