Quick Review : What happened to Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire?

1. Quick Review: What happened to Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? In the East, the Byzantine Empire became a center for trade & Greco-Roman culture

2. The Middle Ages In the West, Europe grew weak & fell into the Middle Ages from 500 to 1300 Also known as the “Dark Ages” or “Medieval” era

3. Europe After the Fall of Rome When barbarian kingdoms that conquered Rome, Europe was plagued by constant warfare Warfare disrupted trade, destroyed Europe’s cities, & forced people to rural areas Learning declined; Few people could read or write Greco-Roman culture was forgotten Europe lost a common language; Latin mixed with local languages to form Spanish, French, Italian

4. Germanic Tribes in the Middle Ages Without the unity of the Roman Empire, Europe became divided into a series of Germanic kingdoms Germanic people lived in small communities led by chiefs & his loyal warriors Family ties & loyalty were more important than citizenship

5. The Spread of Christianity During the early Middle Ages, the Germanic kingdoms were slowly converted to Christianity The Catholic Pope became involved in secular (non-religious) issues like road repair, aiding the poor, & helping Christian kings expand their power

6. The Spread of Christianity The Franks were the largest & most powerful of the Germanic kingdoms in the early Middle Ages Frankish kings allied with the Catholic Church & expanded their power In 771, Charlemagne (“Charles the Great”) became king of the Franks

7. Charlemagne & the Frankish Empire Charlemagne was the greatest Medieval king because he did something no other king was able to do…create an organized empire He spread Christianity He created schools to train future priests Charlemagne expanded the Frankish empire He valued learning & built schools in his empire

8. Charlemagne & the Frankish Empire After Charlemagne’s death in 814, his Frankish Empire was divided & lost power… …This was the last opportunity to provide unity in medieval Europe

9. From 800 to 1000, a 2nd major wave of invasions struck Europe led by Vikings, Muslims, & Magyars (The 1st wave were the barbarians that attacked Rome) • Text These invasions caused widespread fear & suffering Kings could not defend against invasion People stopped looking to kings for protection

10. Feudalism • Feudalism began in Europe as a way to offer protection: • Feudalism is based on land & loyalty • Land-owning lords offer land (called a fief) to knights in exchange for their loyalty & promise to protect the lord’s land

11. Feudal Structure Knights were specially trained soldiers who protect the lords & peasants Some peasants were serfs & could not leave the lord’s estate Kings had land but very little power Lords (also called Nobles) were the upper-class landowners; they had inherited titles (“Duke,” “Earl,” “Sir”)

12. Lords built castles to protect their territory from outside invasions

13. The Manorial System During the Middle Ages, the manorial system was the way in which people survived The lord’s land was called a manor The lord provided peasants with housing, farmland, & protection In exchange, peasants repaid the lord by working his land & providing a portion of the food they produced

14. Peasant life was hard: They paid taxes to use the lord’s mill, had to get permission to get married, & life expectancy was about 35 years old Manors were self-sufficient communities; Everything that was needed was produced on the manor

15. Qing Dynasty:What did China look like? • Qing Dynasty – founded by Manchus (from Manchuria) – many Chinese resisted • Rebellions flared up periodically for decades • Manchus slowly earned respect • Upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs • Made frontiers safe & restored prosperity

16. Qing Dynasty:Kangxi (1661-1722) • Reduced gov’t expenses, lowered taxes • Gained support of intellectuals by offering them gov’t positions • Jesuits told him of European achievements in science, medicine, and math

17. Qing Dynasty:Isolation Continues • Those that wished to trade w/ China had to follow certain rules: • Trade at special ports • Tribute • “Kowtow” ritual (kneeling before emperor & touching head to ground 9 times) “There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures.” - Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great Britain

18. Qing Dynasty:Cultural Developments • Based mainly on traditional forms • Valued technique over creativity • Pottery – high-quality ceramics (porcelain) • Drama popular b/c literacy rates were low • Focused on Chinese history & cultural heroes

19. Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582) “Rule the empire by force.” - Oda Nobunaga • Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies • 1575 – Nobunaga’s 3,000 soldiers armed w/ muskets crushed enemy force of samurai cavalry • 1st time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan • Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of samurai)

20. Tokugawa Shogunate (military gov’t):Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603-1616) • Defeated his rivals at Battle of Sekigahara • Victory earned him loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan • 1603 – Became sole ruler (shogun) • Moved capital to Edo (later Tokyo) • Enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law overcoming the rule of the sword

21. Tokugawa Japan:Policy of Isolation • 1639 – Shoguns realized that they could safely exclude both missionaries and merchants • Sealed Japan’s borders, except Nagasaki • Commercial contacts w/ Euro. ended • 200+ years – Japan remained closed & citizens could not leave • Continued to develop self-sufficiently

22. Tokugawa Japan:Cultural Developments • Traditional culture thrived • New types of fiction began to emerge – realistic stories about self-made merchants or hardships of life • Haiku – type of poetry that presented images rather than ideals • Kabuki theater – skits about modern life

23. Causes of Population Increase • Agriculture Improved -irrigation & fertilizer use ↑ • Farmers produced more food • Nutrition improved  new crops – corn and sweet potatoes (Europe) • People lived longer, families expanded **Columbian Exchange

24. Impact on Social Structure:Qing China • Sons Favored • Only sons allowed to perform religious rituals • Raised his own family under parents’ roof - help aging parents on farm • Females not valued – many infants girls killed • Role of Women • Worked in fields, supervised children’s education, managed family finances • Some found jobs working as midwives or textile workers

25. Impact on Social Structure:Tokugawa Japan * Confucian values important • Societal Structure • Emperor top rank (figurehead only) • Actual ruler was shogun – military commander • Daimyo – landholding samurai • Samurai warriors • Peasants (4/5 of population) & Artisans • Merchants • Role of Women • W/ rise of commercial centers, found jobs in entertainment, textile manufacturing, & publishing • Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives *Farmers made ideal citizens