1 / 32

Consonants and vowels

Consonants and vowels. John Goldsmith . Kinds of phonetics . Transcribing: descriptive phonetics? transcriptional phonetics? No standard name. Articulatory phonetics Acoustic phonetics Perceptual phonetics (Psychology) Computational phonetics (CS). Articulatory apparatus.

Olivia
Download Presentation

Consonants and vowels

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Consonants and vowels John Goldsmith

  2. Kinds of phonetics • Transcribing: descriptive phonetics? transcriptional phonetics? No standard name. • Articulatory phonetics • Acoustic phonetics • Perceptual phonetics (Psychology) • Computational phonetics (CS)

  3. Articulatory apparatus

  4. Some (not so happy) assumptions generally made to do transcriptions • There is a (1-dimensional) sequence of units that define or characterize the utterance – rather than 2 or more parallel streams. We think of the articulators as being a single instrument rather than as an orchestra. • We can slice the utterances into pieces vertically, in time, and ignore most differences in duration. • Sounds follow one another, and that’s it: there is no packing of them into groups.

  5. Sounds of English Consonants: first, the stops: • b as in bat, sob, cubby • d as in date, hid, ado • g as in gas, lag, ragged • p as in pet, tap, repeat • t as in tap, pet, attack • k as in king, pick, picking When we need to emphasize that we are using a phonetic transcription, we put square brackets [b] around the symbols.

  6. More consonants: fricatives • f as in fail, life • v as in veil, live • Ɵ as in thin, wrath • ð as in this, bathe • s as in soft, miss • z as in zoo, as • š (American) or ʃ (IPA) as in shame, mash • ž (American) or ǯ (IPA)as in triage, garage, azure, • h as in help, vehicular

  7. affricates • č (American) or tʃ (IPA) as in cheap, hatch • ǰ (American) or ʤ(IPA) as in jump, hedge

  8. nasal consonants • m as in map, him • n as in knot, tin (alveolar POA) • ñ as in canyon • ŋ as in sing, gingham, dinghy

  9. Liquids • l as in large, gull • r as in red, jar

  10. glides and semi-consonants • y (American) or j (IPA) as in boy, yellow • w as in wall, cow

  11. 6 stops • 2 affricates • 9 fricatives • 4 nasals • 2 liquids • 2 glides

  12. Front: I as in bit Ɛ as in bet æ as in bat Back as in put ʌ as in putt  as in bought a or ɑ as in Mott, ma, spot ǝ “schwa” as in about Short vowels

  13. Long vowels • iy or i as in beet • ey or ej as in bait • ay as in bite • oy as in boy • uw or u as in boot • ow as in boat • aw as how

  14. Review where we’ve been • We’ve listened to the sounds of “our” English, and assigned a set of symbols to them. • We abstracted away from pitch, loudness, and duration. • We hope to better understanding our language’s sounds by analyzing them as being composed of a sequence of identifiable sounds, each of which occurs frequently in words of the language.

  15. Frequently? If a sound occurs in just 2 or 3 words, we don’t take it seriously (glottal stop, velar fricative) • We do this against the background knowledge that the inventory of sounds in English is not necessary as human languages go: they are what they are against a much wider backdrop of possible linguistic sounds.

  16. We also attempt to physically characterize these sounds: acoustically and articulatorily. Consonants are easier to characterize articulatorily, vowels acoustically. • We are particularly interested in those ways in which the English of Speaker 1 is different from the English of Speaker 2: again, working against the background knowledge of variation.

  17. We also characterize differences of sounds across sound contexts: we say, notice the different sound that occurs in front of a voiceless consonant in height. • Looking ahead to phonology, we will attempt to get a handle on variation in sounds in two ways: • Two sounds are similar if (roughly) we can characterize one of them as a variant of the other used in a particular context (“under the influence of that context,” so to speak) • Two sounds are distinct (hence, different) if two distinct words differ only with regard to these two sounds, in otherwise identical positions

  18. We try to characterize the inventory of sounds in a language, knowing that that language chose one set of sounds when a vast range of other possibilities might have been chosen.

  19. Symbols • We assign symbols to these sounds; in addition, we want to characterize them as best we can articulatorily and acoustically. Sounds can be divided into two major groups, consonants and vowels; or set along a continuum known as the sonority hierarchy:

  20. Sonority hierarchy • Vowels • Glides • Liquids • Nasals • Obstruents: • Fricatives • Affricates • Stops

  21. Consonants • Consonants = obstruents + sonorants • Obstruents: (oral) stops, affricates, and fricatives • Sonorants: nasals and liquids (l,r)

  22. Consonants have a point of articulation The crucial points of articulation for English consonants are: • Labial • Labio-dental • Dental • Alveolar: at the alveolar ridge, behind the teeth • Post-alveolar/palato-alveolar/alveopalatal: multiple names for the same thing • Retroflex (r only) • Palatal (y, ñ) • Velar • Laryngeal

  23. Obstruents: • 6 stops • 9 fricatives • 2 affricates • Nasals (4) • 2 other sonorants (what are they?) • 2 glides

  24. Vowels • Vowels are harder to characterize articulatorily, but we try! • The fact that it’s harder is reflected in the fact that there is more than one way in which it’s done. IPA is one way; American is another.

  25. IPA

  26. Two systems side by side

  27. A phonetic chart based on the first two formants

  28. From: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/music/vocres.html

  29. /i/ green /ae/ hat /u/ boot graphics thanks to Kevin Russell, Univ of Manitoba

  30. “Hi” /haj/ FORMANTS we were away a year ago

More Related