The Orienting Response OR and EDA

1. The Orienting Response (OR) and EDA By: Jennifer Arpin Francesca Civitarese Dana Megowan

2. Orienting Response Pavlov (1927) Reflex that brings an immediate response to changes in environment Noticed dogs briefly oriented ears and eyes to new arrivals in laboratory

3. Lynn (1966) Detailed physiological changes when new stimuli Pupil dilation, increased EMG activity, increased frequency and lower amplitude EEG, increase in amplitude and decrease in frequency of respiration, slower heart rate, changes in EDA

4. Neuronal Model Sokolov (1963) Theory which incoming stimuli are compared with representations of past stimuli in cortex of brain If new stimuli does not match representation, orienting response occurs If it does match, no response necessary

5. Stimuli Distance and Change Berstein, Taylor, Austen, Nathanson, and Scarpeli (1971) Measured the response of animals where patterned visual stimuli were either stationed or appeared to move towards or away from subjects Frequency and amplitude of SCRs were greater under apparent motion than when stationary Changes more prolonged when objects approached then recede

6. Yaremko, Blair, and Leckart (1970) Examined OR with respect to change from expect stimulus Results: greater the change of expected stimulus, greater change in OR

7. The Orienting Response (OR) and EDA Habituation, Stimulus Significance, and the Information Processing Model

8. Discussing: Habituation and research supporting its use in orientation The role of stimulus significance in the orienting response (OR) and research support The information processing model as another approach to the OR

9. Habituation An example of non associative learning Habituation is: repeatedly experiencing a stimulus that then results in a reduced behavioral response Example? putting on your clothes. The weight of your clothes is evident when you first put them on, but after a while, you become habituated to the weight and no longer notice it consciously.

10. Habituation What if you IMAGINE experiencing a stimulus? Will this produce habituation effects? Yaremko, Glanville, and Leckhart (1972) Study: Group I: imagines hearing a tone, then hears the actual tone. Group II: imagines seeing a light, then hears tone Group III: control RESULTS: Greater habituation was seen in the tone/tone group as opposed to the light/tone or control groups So? Mental imagery facilitates habituation. This supports the theory that the repeated stimulus provided by the imagined tone �primed� the brain for the actual stimulus and thus demonstrated habituation effects for the stimulus. Results very similar to these were also found in experiments with the sense of touch and electrical shocks as the stimulusThis supports the theory that the repeated stimulus provided by the imagined tone �primed� the brain for the actual stimulus and thus demonstrated habituation effects for the stimulus. Results very similar to these were also found in experiments with the sense of touch and electrical shocks as the stimulus

11. Habituation What about the frequency of the tone? O�Gorman (1973) said that the OR only varies in response to changes in intensity or the category of stimulus (I.e. light, tone, electrical shock) Siddle and Heron (1978) tested orienting response to changes in tone frequencies. Study: After habituation to a 1000Hz tone, new tones of 670Hz and 380Hz were presented RESULTS: Magnitude of OR was greatest in large frequency differences and significant differences were found for all frequencies tested. So? This contradicts O�Gorman b/c the OR showed response to frequency of tone.

12. The Role of Stimulus Significance Bernstein (1979) & Maltzman (1979) stimulus significance (in addition to novelty) is important for orienting reponses Bernstein: stimulus uncertainty and significance will start the OR Maltzman: a �cortical set� before the presentation of stimuli influences the OR

13. The Role of Stimulus Significance Wingard & Maltzman (1980) supporting cortical set theory Determined recreational activities influence orienting. EXAMPLE: chess, surfing, and fishing. Larger OR in slides showing their recreational activity as opposed to neutral or other activities So? Suggests that the prior experience evidence shows that familiar stimuli lead to the OR and not unfamiliar ones

14. The Role of Stimulus Significance Ben-Shakar 1996 Supported the Bernstein/Maltzman theory Study: Stimulus significance and novelty were used independantly and OR was measured RESULTS: OR changed in response to stimulation (novelty) differences only when paired with significant stimuli So? Stimulus novelty and significance play a role in eliciting the orientation response

15. The Information Processing Model A New Approach to the Orienting Reponse Ohman (1979) the OR is produced only when the stimulus does not find a match in the subject�s short term memory Then, the long term memory is scanned If no match, a novel stimulus is recorded, thus eliminating the orienting response for this stimulus if it is repeated

16. The Information Processing Model Plouffe & Stelmack (1984) study supporting Ohman Study: OR for pictures using free-recall RESULTS: subjects show larger responses to recalled pictures, especially uncommon ones Also, pictures NOT recalled produced smaller OR than those not shown in study phase: showing stimulus priming (I.e. stopping the OR when a stimulus match is made) So? Supports dependance on novel stimuli recall for the orienting response to occur

17. The Orienting Response (OR) and EDA Stimulus Omission and the Effects of Alcohol on the Orienting Response.

18. Overview The Orienting Response in the absence of an expected stimulus. Robert J. Barry�s hypothesis and its testing. The effects of alcohol on the OR with an omission of the stimulus. Lyvers and Maltzman�s experiment.

19. The Orienting Response in the absence of an expected stimulus. Evgeny N. Sokolov was the first to describe EDA and EEG changes when an omitted stimulus was scheduled to appear. EDA and EEG changes similar to the P300 response to an omitted stimulus. Using a Sokolovian explanation we might say that an individual does not have a neuronal model for the omitted stimulus.

20. Barry�s Hypothesis Barry hypothesized that this missing stimulus effect was due to the emission of a voluntary OR as compared to a reflexive or involuntary OR. Led to the prediction that a voluntary OR would be slower than a true OR.

21. Testing the Hypothesis Barry and J.G. O�Gorman worked in conjunction to test Barry�s hypothesis. The two presented a long series of visual stimuli, at regular intervals to the participants of the study. Throughout the test the stimuli was omitted. Barry�s hypothesis is correct. The two concluded that the latency increase is due to the time taken from the subject�s evaluation of the stimulus omission in contrast to the quicker process involved when the OR is involuntary.

22. The Effects of Alcohol on the Orienting Response

23. Alcohol�s Effects Difficulty walking Blurred vision Slurred speech Slowed reaction times Impaired memory Has a selective depressive effect on inhibitory areas of the frontal cortex

24. Effects of Alcohol on the Orienting Response Lyvers and Maltzman first tested the effects of alcohol on SC orienting responses. The SCR evoked by novel signal, novel non-signal, and common non-signal stimuli was studied in subgroups of male and female social drinkers. Control Condition: Tonic only Experimental Condition: Tonic with vodka sufficient to raise blood alcohol levels to .05%

25. Results Alcohol enhanced SCRs were produced by the signal tones. There was an increase in the number of spontaneous SCRs and a greater error rate. Alexander Luria showed that the SCR orienting response is absent in patients with massive lesions to the frontal cortex.

26. References Andreassi, J. L., (2000). Psychophysiology Human Behavior and Physiological Response. London: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. http://www.brain-dynamics.net/publications/pub_files/budd_98_N1decrement.pdf Winokur, G., Guze, S., Stewart, M., Pfeiffer, E., Stern, J., Hornung, F., (1995). Association of Conditionability with Degree of Reactivity in Psychiatric Patients. Science > New Series, Vol. 129, No. 3360 pp. 1423-1424