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Latin America 1830-1920

Latin America 1830-1920. By: Bill Rice. From Colonies to Nations. Causes of Political Change. Latin America pushed for independence because of four major global events American Revolution French Revolution

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Latin America 1830-1920

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  1. Latin America 1830-1920 By: Bill Rice

  2. From Colonies to Nations

  3. Causes of Political Change • Latin America pushed for independence because of four major global events • American Revolution • French Revolution • Divisions of whites and free people of color over control of St. Domingue (Haiti), France’s sugar colony. • Latin American countries pretended to stay loyal to Spanish King setting up their own leadership as a result of France’s occupation of the Iberian Peninsula.

  4. Spanish American Independence Three areas of operation involved in struggle. 1. Mexico (Included Central America) 2. South America 3. Caribbean

  5. Mexico • 1824 Mexico became a republic • 1838 Central American countries gained independence after a brief attempt to consolidate as one nation, Gran Colombia

  6. South America • Argentina and Venezuela were the first to become republics • Peru was last to break with Spain • 1825 All South American countries had gained their political independence

  7. Caribbean • Cuba and Puerto Rico stay loyal to Spain, fearful of slave rebellion like they had seen in Haiti until the end of 19th century • Other countries gained independence using American and French revolutions and South American Independence as examples

  8. Brazilian Independence • In the late 18th century Brazils economy and population boomed. • European demand grew. • Increase in slave imports • Lower class people wanted fewer taxes and open trade

  9. New Nations Confront Old and New Problems • Social inequalities • Political representation • The role of the church • Regionalism These problems led to political fragmentation

  10. Social Inequalities • Even with an end to slavery, issues of equality, race, and freedoms still existed

  11. Political Representation • Women and many people of color where disenfranchised from voting, property ownership and education

  12. The Role of the Church • Shift from church having major role in education, economy, and politics to loss of influence on the people

  13. Latin American Economies and World Markets,1820-1870 • The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 – stated that any attempt by a European power to colonize would be considered an unfriendly act by the US

  14. Mid Century Stagnation • After the wars of independence, Latin American economy was stagnant • Wars destroyed industries • Roads were poor • Money was tied up in land • Only Cuba expanded with the sugar economy- Cuba was still a colony of Spain

  15. Economic Resurgence and Liberal Politics • Last quarter of the century there was a rapid expansion due to second industrial revolution. • New demands for copper, rubber, wheat, sugar , and coffee • Population of L.A. doubled to 43 million between 1820 and 1880

  16. Mexico: Instability and Foreign Intervention • Mexico gained independence, but the Constitution did not address social problems • Bad distribution of land • Status of Native Americans • Problems in education • Overwhelming number of poor

  17. Mexican Reforms • Mexico was forced to face the nations internal problems • Benito Juarez (a Zapotec Indian) became governor of his state • La Reforma a liberal revolt, brought about a new constitution in 1857, limiting church and military control. The result was by 1910 ½ of rural population was landless • Civil war erupted

  18. Manifest Destiny • A belief that the US was destined to rule Continent from coast to coast • US voted to annex Texas • The result was the Mexican American War • The US acquired ½ of Mexico’s territory

  19. Argentina + Brazil • Brazil was last to abolish slavery in 1888 • Europeans emigrated to South America because of the improving economies

  20. Societies in Search of Themselves • Social change was slow for American Indians, Blacks, and Women • Elites were influenced by fashions and tastes of Europe in clothing, art, and architecture

  21. Old Patters of Gender, Class, and Race • Education for women increased • Public education increased • Indigenous people continued in labor and to be poor

  22. The Great Boom, 1880-1920 • Large economic growth because of high demand by industrial Europe and US for raw materials food and tropical crops such as coffee • Also bananas, rubber, copper, silver, wool, wheat, and beef were in demand as exports

  23. Spanish American War • War centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico (Spain’s last colonies in the Americas) • Panama Canal opened in 1914 backed by the US • Puerto Rico and the Philippines became US territories

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