three major methods for tree construction:

1. three major methods for tree construction: 1. parsimony - the tree with the least total transitional steps is the best tree 2. maximum likelihood - calculated probabilities of producing a particular character set given assumptions concerning state change probabilities and given certain tree topologies with known branch lengths. the best tree is the one that has the highest probability. 3. distance matrix - this is not unlike what many of you probably did naturally in the lab to draw your trees from the data on primate evolution. data is converted into "distance values" and the best tree is the one that minimizes the total distance among all of the taxa.

2. Why are trees useful? Andrew Siefert

3. life cycle of the fig (Ficus) and the fig wasp

4. active pollination passive pollination mixed Cook, J. M., Bean, D., Power, S. A. & Dixon, D. J. Evolution of a complex coevolved trait: active pollination in a genus of fig wasps. Journal of Evolutionary Biology  17 (2), 238-246.

7. Figure 4. Major stages in the evolution of modern avian skeletal design and function. Many skeletal innovations of critical functional importance for flight arose for other purposes among early theropods, including (1) the hollowing of all long bones of the skeleton (Theropoda) and removal of pedal digit I from its role in weight support; (2) evolution of a rotary wrist joint to efficiently deploy a large grasping manus; (3) expansion of the coracoid and sternum for increased pectoral musculature and plumulaceous feathers for insulation (89); (4) the presence of vaned feathers arranged as primaries, secondaries, and rectrices for display or brooding or both; (5) shortening of the trunk and increased stiffness of the distal tail for balance and maneuverability. Archaeopteryx remains a pivotal taxon, documenting (6) the acquisition of basic flight and perching function before the close of the Jurassic (laterally facing shoulder joint, split propulsion-lift wing with asymmetric feathers, and reversed hallux). Key refinements of powered flight and perching in later birds include (7) the deep thorax with strut-shaped coracoid and pygostyle; (8) the triosseal canal for the tendon of the principal wing rotator (the supracoracoideus muscle), alular feathers for control of airflow at slow speeds, rectriceal fan for maneuverability and braking during landing, and fully opposable hallux for advanced perching; and (9) the elastic furcula and deep sternal keel for massive aerobic pectoral musculature (90). Paul C. Sereno. 1999. The Evolution of Dinosaurs. Science284: 2137-2147

8. (C) Polar dispersal across Beringia (double-headed arrow) must be invoked to explain the geographic distribution of ceratopsians and other dinosaurian subgroups during the Late Cretaceous. Checkered branches show dispers- al from Asia to North America in three lineages, which is one of two equally parsimonious dispersal scenarios for ceratopsians (given this cladogram and an Asian origin for Ceratopsia). Globe shows Maastrichtian (70 Ma) paleogeography divided into orogenic belts (inverted Vs), lowlands (black), and shallow and deep seas (gray and white, respectively). Internal branch lengths of the cladogram are scaled according to the number of supporting synapomorphies under delayed character-state transformation. Scale bar indicates 10 synapomorphies (with the long ceratopsid branch shortened). Paul C. Sereno. 1999. The Evolution of Dinosaurs. Science284: 2137-2147

9. Feeding and nonfeeding larvae Feeding larva Egg Juvenile Egg Nonfeeding larvae Juvenile

10. PLANKTOTROPHS… need to feed in order to reach metamorphosis LECITHOTROPHS… can reach metamorphosis in the absence of food

11. So which is ancestral, planktotrophy or lecithotrophy?? …for each of the five echinoderm classes? …for echinoderms as a whole?

12. sea cucumbers (holothuroids) (phylogeny a la Kerr & Kim 2001)

13. developmental mode unordered planktotroph lecithotroph both equivocal brittle stars & basket stars (ophiuroids) (phylogeny a la Smith et al 1995)

14. Ophiocoma spp.

15. developmental mode unordered planktotroph lecithotroph both equivocal sea stars (asteroids) (phylogeny a la Blake 1987)

16. Asteropsis carnifera

17. developmental mode unordered planktotroph lecithotroph both equivocal sea urchins and sand dollars (echinoids) (phylogeny a la Littlewood & Smith 1995)

18. Colobocentrotus atratus

19. pencil urchins (cidaroids) (phylogeny a la Smith & Wright 1988)

20. pencil urchins (cidaroids) (phylogeny a la Smith & Wright 1988)

21. one half of the deuterostomes (phylogeny a la Littlewood et al. 1997)

22. …and their different larvae (phylogeny a la Littlewood et al. 1997)