Research Methodology - The Research Process (1)

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The Research Process - 1

2. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH:DEFINITION GRADUATE = RESEARCH is learning how to LEARN POST GRADUATE = RESEARCH is learning how to TEACH DOCTORATE (Ph. D) = RESEARCH is learn how to do RESEARCH RESEARCH: Creative work undertaken SYSTEMATICALLY for increasing the standard of knowledge and using it for creating new applications. RESEARCH: Purposive Investigation RESEARCH: Empirical and Non-empirical

3. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH STRUCTURE: INFORMAL INTENT: What is your area of interest? (What is the IDEA?) COMPILATION: What are the previous contribution about the issue that you will be addressing (Existing Knowledge & the GAP) SCHEME: How you plan to move ahead?(Layout & Carrying out) OUTCOMES: Conclusion of your Action plan (Discoveries) DEBATE: Implication of your Findings (Explanations) DEDUCTIONS: Take Away from your Explanations (Endorsements)

4. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH STRUCTURE: FORMAL INTRODUCTION: What is intended to be done? (Issue to be addressed) LITERATURE: What others have contributed to the issue that is being addressed (Literature Review) DESIGN: Action plan (Research Design & Execution) RESULTS: Outcome of Action plan (Findings) DISCUSSION: Meaning of Findings (Observations) CONCLUSIONS: Take Away from Observations (Recommendations)

5. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH STRUCTURE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION: What is intended to be done? (Issue to be addressed) LITERATURE: What others have contributed to the issue that is being addressed (Literature Review) DESIGN: Action plan (Research Design) RESULTS: Outcome of Action plan (Findings) DISCUSSION: Meaning of Findings (Observations) CONCLUSIONS: Take Away from Observations (Recommendations)

6. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH STRUCTURE: GENERAL THEORETICAL PLANE / LEVEL EMPIRICAL PLANE / LEVEL

7. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: LEVELS Levels of SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: 1. Theoretical Plane/Level 2. Empirical Plane/Level THEORETICAL (ABSTRACT) PLANE/LEVEL IDEAS are Conceptualized (Hypothesized: Abstracted) EMPIRICAL (OBSERVATIONAL) PLANE/LEVEL IDEAS are Operationalized and Measured (Rationalized: Tested)

8. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: LEVELS Levels of SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: 1. Theoretical (ABSTRACT) Plane/Level 2. Empirical (OBSERVATIONAL) Plane/Level THEORETICAL (ABSTRACT) PLANE/LEVEL CONSTRUCTS are Conceptualized (Hypothesized: Abstracted) EMPIRICAL (OBSERVATIONAL) PLANE/LEVEL CONSTRUCTS are Operationalized and Measured

9. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: LEVELS Levels of SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: 1. Theoretical (ABSTRACT) Plane/Level 2. Empirical (OBSERVATIONAL) Plane/Level At THEORETICAL (ABSTRACT) PLANE/LEVEL: CONSTRUCTS are Conceptualized (Hypothesized: Abstracted) Establish relationship between CONSTRUCTS to create THEORY CONSTRUCTS represents “WHAT” of THEORY (i.e. What concepts are important for explaining a phenomenon). BUILDING OF THEORY A CONSTRUCT is an abstract idea specifically chosen for explaining a given phenomenon.

10. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: LEVELS THEORETICAL PLANE/LEVEL CONSTRUCT A CONSTRUCT B BUILDING OF THEORY

11. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: PURPOSE To build SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE by discovering LAWS (Rules) and proposing THEORIES (Logic) for explaining natural or social phenomena – occurrence. THEORIES (Logic) are EXPLANATIONS of a particular phenomenon that provide meaning and significance to what is being observed. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE is based on THEORY (Logic) and OBSERVATIONS (Evidence) OBSERVATIONS (Evidence) help in validating or refining existing theory or construct new theory.

12. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: LEVELS Levels of SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: 1. Theoretical (ABSTRACT) Plane/Level 2. Empirical (OBSERVATIONAL) Plane/Level At EMPIRICAL (OBSERVATIONAL) PLANE/LEVEL: CONSTRUCTS are Operationalized (Rationalized: Defined) INDICATORS & VARIABLES are defined for the CONSTRUCTS VARIABLES represents “HOW” of CONSTRUCTS (i.e. How the variables will be used for measuring the CONSTRUCT). TESTING OF THEORY

13. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: CONSTRUCTS are conceptualized in the THEORETICAL (ABSTRACT) PLANE/LEVEL. VARIABLES are operationalized in the EMPIRICAL (OBSERVATIONAL) PLANE/LEVEL. A CONSTRUCT specify WHAT is planned to be measured. A VARIABLE is Operational definition of a CONSTRUCT A VARIABLE specify HOW a CONSTRUCT will be measured. Example: CONSTRUCT: INCOME VARIABLES: MONTHLY INCOME or ANNUAL INCOME or INCOME BEFORE TAX or INCOME AFTER TAX or PERSONAL INCOME or FAMILY INCOME

14. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: THEORATICAL PLANE Proposition CONSTRUCT A CONSTRUCT B Independent Variable Dependent Variable Hypothesis Testing EMPIRICAL PLANE

15. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: CONSTRUCTS are conceptualized in the THEORETICAL (ABSTRACT) PLANE/LEVEL. VARIABLES are operationalized in the EMPIRICAL (OBSERVATIONAL) PLANE/LEVEL. THEORETICAL (ABSTRACT) PLANE: EMPIRICAL (OBSERVATIONAL) PLANE: For BUILDING THEORIES For TESTING THEORIES A Researcher insistently moves from EMPIRICAL PLANE where observations are piloted to a THEORETICAL PLANE where these observations are abstracted into generalizable LAWS and THEORIES.

16. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: THEORATICAL PLANE THEORY THEORATICAL PLANE OBSERVATIONS HYPOTHESIS Generalizing EMPIRICAL PLANE Testing OBSERVATIONS EMPIRICAL PLANE

17. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: THEORATICAL PLANE DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH THEORY THEORATICAL PLANE Testing Theory INDUCTIVE RESEARCH INDUCTIVE RESEARCH HYPOTHESING GENERALIZING EMPIRICAL PLANE Building Theory OBSERVATIONS EMPIRICAL PLANE

18. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: TYPES INDUCTIVE RESEARCH helps in drawing inferences from THEORETICAL CONCEPTS and patterns from observed data (THEORY-BUILDING RESEARCH) DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH helps in testing the concepts and patterns known from THEORETICAL CONCEPTS using empirical data (THEORY- TESTING RESEARCH) RESEARCH as a skill requires mental abstraction, visualizing the abstract from actual observations for identifying hidden concepts and patterns synthesizing those patterns into generalizable laws and theories that apply to other contexts beyond the domain of the initial observations.

19. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH SKILLS: 1. THEORETICAL SKILLS for operating in THEORETICAL plane Theoretical Skills (KNOW HOW) are standard across discipline and can be easily acquired 2. METHODOLOGICAL SKILLS for operating in EMPIRICAL plane -(TACIT SKILLS) Methodological Skills (KNOW WHAT) are difficult to learn and master and requires years of observation and reflection. These cannot be taught but can be learned through experience. Good METHODOLOGICAL SKILLS = Ordinary Researcher Good THEORETICAL SKILLS = Extraordinary Researcher

20. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS: RESEARCH PARADIGM: Set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientists about how problems should be understood and addressed (Kuhn, 1970)

21. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS: RESEARCH PARADIGM: Set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientists about how problems should be understood and addressed (Kuhn, 1970) ONTOLOGY RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY + + EPISTEMOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH PARADIGM (A PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK OF RESEARCH)

22. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS: ONTOLOGY: Ways of constructing reality (Nature of Reality) How things really are and How things really work? ‘What is existence?’, ‘What is there?’ , ‘What is the nature of existence?’ EPISTEMOLOGY: Study of knowledge of reality (Nature of Knowledge) How to know the reality? Includes Validity, Parameters, and methods of acquiring knowledge. ‘What do we know?’ , ‘How do we know?’ METHODOLOGY: What tools to be used for knowing the reality How to demonstrate validity of findings

23. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS: POSITIVISM: (What & How) = MEASUREMENT Single Measurable Reality (TRUTH) Quantitative Research Methods are used for measuring action. A Hypothesis is proposed that can be proved or disproved using statistical data analysis. Positivism investigate the existence of a RELATIONSHIP between two variables rather than the reason behind it. 1. A study into the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the equity of fashion brands in INDIA. 2. An analysis of effects of foreign direct investment in information technology industry on GDP growth.

24. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS: CONSTRUCTIVISM: (Why & How) = MEANING Multiple Reality (TRUTH) exists. Qualitative Research Methods are used for understanding action. Constructivist understands from an insider perspective. Constructivist investigate the reason for existence of a RELATIONSHIP between two variables – The WHY

25. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS (MODELS): PRAGMATISM: EVOLVING Reality is DYNAMIC continually interpreted & negotiated against unpredictable situations. POSITIVISM+CONSTRUCTIVISM. QUALITATIVE + QUANTITATIVE METHODS Pragmatism is about Interventions, Interactions and their effect in multiple contexts.

26. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGMS (MODELS):

27. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGM (POSITIVIST APPROACH): Define Research Topic Review Literature Define Research Question(s) i.e. (Hypothesis) DEDUCTIVE Design Data Collection Pilot study Design Data Analysis Collect Data Analyse Data Interpret Results Report Findings Adapted from Maylor and Blackmon (2005)

28. © 2022 Vinod Kr Sharma THE RESEARCH PARADIGM (PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH): Define Research Topic Review Literature Define Research Question(s) i.e. (Hypothesis) INDUCTIVE Design Data Collection Pilot study Design Data Analysis Collect Data Analyse Data Literature Review Interpret Results Research question answered? Report Findings Adapted from Maylor and Blackmon (2005)

29. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CA VINOD KR SHARMA