RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Writing & Presentation (Part 1)

2. Presentation Outline • Presentation & publication of research finding • Writing a research paper • Writing dissertation • Writing skill • Seminar presentation

3. Presentation & Publication of Research Finding Why must publish? Which publication? What to publish?

4. Why You Must Publish? • To benchmark our research findings • To get response from others • To disseminate new findings / knowledge • To get good reputation • To get better promotion • To pass Ph.D./D.Eng./D.Sc. program • To satisfy academic interest • To develop intellectual tradition

5. Which Publication? • Unpublished research report • Specialized magazine • Dissertation / Thesis • Monograph • Seminar proceeding • Book • Refereed/peer review journal

6. Specialized magazine

7. A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings

8. A monograph is a work of writing upon a single subject, usually by a single author. It is often a scholarly essay and may be released in the manner of a book or journal article

9. Proceedings are the collection of academic papers that are published in the context of an academic conference. They are usually distributed as printed books (or sometimes CDs) either before the conference opens or after the conference has closed. Proceedings contain the contributions made by researchers at the conference.

10. Book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment or other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial periodicals such as magazine, journal or newspapers.

11. Peer reviewed journal • Peer review is a process of self-regulation by a profession or a process of evaluation involving qualified individuals within the relevant field. Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards, improve performance and provide credibility. In academia peer review is often used to determine an academic paper’s suitability for publication.

12. Impact metric of journal • Impact factor • H-index • Eigenfactor • SCImago journal rank • Citation index

13. Impact factor • Impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in science and social science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field, with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. • The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), now part of Thomson Reuters.

14. Calculation • A = the number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008. • B = the total number of "citable items" published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. ("Citable items" are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.) • 2008 impact factor = A/B.

16. H-index • The h-index is an index that attempts to measure both the productivity and impact of the published work of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and the number of citations that they have received in other publications. • The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country.

17. Eigenfactor • Eigenfactor score, is a rating of the total importance of a scientific journal. • Eigenfactor scores are intended to give a measure of how likely a journal is to be used, and are thought to reflect how frequently an average researcher would access content from that journal

18. SCImago Journal Rank • SCImago Journal Rank (SJR indicator) is a measure of scientific influence of scholarly journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from.

22. Citation index • Citation index is a kind of bibliographic database, an index of citation between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. • There are two publishers of general-purpose academic citation indexes, available to libraries by subscription: • ISI (now part of Thomson Scientific), which publishes the ISI citation indexes in print and CD. They are now generally accessed through the Web under the name Web of Science, which is in turn part of the group of databases in the Web of knowledge. • Elsevier, which publishes Scopus, available online only, which similarly combines subject searching with citation browsing and tracking in the sciences and social sciences.

23. Search engines • Google Scholar • Scirus • CiteSeerX • getCITED • Scopus • ISI Web of Knowledge • Mendeley • Espacenet

24. Scirus • Scirus is a comprehensive science-specific search engine. Like CiteSeerX and Google Scholar, it is focused on scientific information. • Scirus is owned and operated by Elsevier

25. Scopus • Scopus, now officially named SciVerse Scopus, is a bibliographic datavase containing abstract and citations for scholarly journal articles. It covers nearly 18,000 titles from more than 5,000 international publishers, including coverage of 16,500 peer-reviewed journals in the scientific, technical, medical and social sciences (including arts and humanities) fields

26. What to Publish? • Research methodology • Research data • Research analysis • Research experience • Research review • Research “proper” • Researchperspective

27. Research methodology • Publishing a guideline for solving a problem, with specific components such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and tools

28. Research data

29. Research experience

30. Research analysis

31. Research review

32. Writing a Research Paper • Basic considerations • Finding a good topic • Finding suitable literature materials • Evaluating literature • Presenting research methodology • Compiling experimental data • Analysis & discussion • Formatting & illustrations • A sample of research paper

33. Basic Considerations

34. Criteria of a Good Research Paper • Published in a flagship refereed journal • Subject on frontier of knowledge • Research findings are original • Significant area of study • Published at the right timing • Minimum mistakes • Methodologically sound • Analytically sound • Grammatically sound • Clear diagram • References are up-to-date & significant • Correctly formatted

35. Finding a Good Topic • Steps to a good topic:  Choosing a topic that interests you  Doing preliminary research  Narrowing your topic  Deciding which type of research paper

36. Step  Choosing a topic that interests you • “Biodegradation of chrysene, an aromatic hydrocarbon by Polyporus sp. S133 in liquid medium”

37. Step  Doing preliminary research • Ujang Z. & Buckley C. (1999) “Molecular detection of nitrifying bacteria in sludge of membrane bioreactor using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)”. Wat.Res. 15 (2) 245-252. • Yamamoto K. & Urase T. (1999) “Analysis of bacterial community in membrane bioreactor by fluorescent in situ hybridyzation (FISH)”. Wat.Sci.Tech. 15 (2) 245-252. • Wagner J. & Rosenwinkel K-H. (1999) “Sludge production in membrane bioreactors under different conditions”. Proc. Int. Conf. Membrane Tech. For Environ. Mgmt., Tokyo Univ. & IAWQ, Tokyo, 1-4 Nov. 99, pp. 294-301.

38. Step  Narrowing your topic “Molecular detection of microbial community using PCR, DGGE and FISH in sludge from membrane bioreactor”

39. Step  Deciding which type of research paper • Research methodology • Research data • Research analysis • Research experience • Research review • Research “proper” • Researchperspective

40. Finding Sources for Research Paper • Library Reference section  Reserve section  Periodical section  Microfilm and microfiche section  Books • Experts on the subject matter • Internet

41. Evaluating Your Sources • Primary or secondary sources • Evaluating your sources  Relevant?  Reliable? • Taking notes  Traditional system  Copying machine system

42. Presenting Research Methodology • Precise. • Normally not more than1 page. • Refer to other articles or books for details. • E.g. “Water quality analysis in this study is based on the Standard Methods (1999). • Describe:  How to do it (method)  Equipment & materials  Process & flow chart  Duration

43. Compiling Experimental Data Data can be presented in various forms: • Graph • Table • Photo • etc.

44. Analysis & Discussion  Should be 50% of the paper Relate to the theoretical part Supported by graphs, tables, photo etc. Formula can be written But no calculation be shown Analysis on experimental data:  Compare with theory Compare with numerical results Compare with other works State the importance of the findings

45. Formatting & Illustrations  Follow the guideline prepared by the publisher  Principles:  To help to clarify your written explanation Simple presentation Easy to understand Related to the theoretical derivation < 10 (graph + table etc.)

46. SAMPLE Excellent research paper

47. Finding a good topic • Basic considerations : Chrysene, a Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon

48. Finding suitable literature materials • Evaluating literature

49. Presenting research methodology

50. Compiling experimental data