Herman, C. Peter, Deborah A. Roth, and Janet Polivy (2003), “Effects of the Presence of Others on Food Intake: A Normati

1. Effects of the Presence of others on Food Intake: A Normative Interpretation C. Peter Herman, Janet Polivy and Deborah A. Roth by Benson Nwaorgu (2016) (PhD-inview) Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

2. Overview • A review that aims to “bring together the empirical literatures on how food intake…is affected by the presence of others,” to look at the explanations for social influence effects and to try to integrate them using a new Inhibitory Norm Model of Social Influence on Eating • I intend to explore how idea was generated for this paper. • Why is it important? • We suggest that future research can test this theory Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

3. Does the presence of others affect how much you eat? Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

4. Do you believe when you eat with friends you eat more? Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

5. Who wants eat with the ROCK? Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

6. How you ever eaten a meal with your Professor? Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

7. SOCIAL INFLUENCE Social Facilitation Modelling Impression Management INHIBITORY NORMATIVE MODEL OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE ON EATING Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

8. An Inhibitory Norm Model of Social Influence on Eating • The presence of others is an inhibitory influence on eating, but people may not eat less with others than alone depending on the behavior of others and the person’s relationship to them • Assumption: Assuming “the presence of palatable food, and in the absence of inhibitory forces (such as satiety), people continue to eat indefinitely.” • People do not want to be seen eating excessively.  What is “excessive”?  We look to others to determine what is the norm • Some people want to be seen eating minimally (amounts ≤ others) • Regardless, people want to maximize intake. • Therefore, people eat as much as they can without looking excessive or in some cases, without eating more than anyone else eats. Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

9. Inhibitory Model Vs Social Facilitation Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

10. Social Facilitation Prevailing Explanations for the Social Facilitation of Eating •  De Castro’s (1990) time-extension hypothesis there have been no studies directly testing it A Normative Account of Social Facilitation of Eating • De Castro’s time-extension hypothesis *lacks* • Herman and Polivy (1984)’s boundary model *3z* • Social binge Eating alone is not pleasurable, less time, eat less Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

11. Are you still HUNGRY? Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

12. Modeling Goldman et al(1991) Hungry participant ate minimally in front of minimally confederates Facilitating vs suppressing, dieters and non dieters are vulnerable to the effect Explanations for Modeling Effects on Eating Nesbett & Storms (1974) and others offers *social Cues* No further explanation on effect A Normative Account of Modeling Do we expect that participants will eat exactly the same amount as the confederate? We posit that we should expect precise matching of food eaten by model and confederate but we weren’t able to arrive at a complete understanding motivations underpinning modeling Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

13. Impression Management I • Non eating observers suppress participant eating. *Lee and Goldman (1979) pictures of observers or knowledge of quantity consumed. Binge eating (private) Application of the Normative Model • No cues given by observer of how much is appropriate to eat! So participant eat less • Being evaluated is unpleasant. Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

14. IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT II: Different Eating Companions Good impression to strangers, opposite sex, feminine identity and Obes vs Obes (increase). Normal (no effect) • Explanations for Intake variations with different Companions • Application of Normative Model: Difficulty expl (Obes vs Obes) Futher research suggested. Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

15. IRONY OF LIFE Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

16. Conclusion • Social influences may be the greatest influence on eating • Eating might be suppressed or facilitated by the presence of others depending on the circumstances • Social models can override the effect of substantial hunger and satiety and observers can induce people to stop eating palatable food • We do not dispute the castro and others which indicate that the presence of others reliably increases intake. We only pointed out that its limited in applicability • Non eating observers have power effect which appears to directly contradicts social facilitation literature • Impression Management studies often find an inhibitive effect of others because these studies often use noneating observers and impression management itself may emphasize the eating partner’s role as an observer to the participant. • The authors suggest that future research can test their Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

17. This kid must very smart?? Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr

18. Benson.nwaorgu@ozu.edu.tr