Persuasive Speaking: Day 2

1. Persuasive Speaking

3. Agenda What is Persuasive Speaking? What are the requirements for our next assignment? How do I get started? Invention of Topics Policy Speech Analysis (Problem, Plan and Practicality) Organizing Persuasive Speeches

4. Persuasive speaking can be contrasted with informative speaking. The two appear on a continuum. Informative ---------------------- Persuasive

5. There are several points of contrast. Informative speaking reveals and clarifies options. To inform my audience about the ways school systems are responding to teacher shortages. Persuasive speaking urges us to choose from among options. To Persuade my audience that the Federal Government should offer tax incentives for school teachers.

6. Points of Contrast Informative speaking asks the audience for little commitment. To inform my audience about interrogation techniques of wartime prisoners. Persuasive speaking asks the audience for major commitment. To persuade my audience to protest the treatment of wartime prisoners in U.S. custody.

7. Points of Contrast The informative speaker is a teacher. To inform my audience about the process of organ donation. The Persuasive speaker is a leader. To persuade my audience to sign an organ donor card. [implied: to join me in signing organ donor cards.]

8. Points of Contrast Informative Speakers face limited ethical obligations. Persuasive speakers face extensive ethical obligations. Informative speeches rarely contain emotional appeals. Persuasive speeches typically include emotional appeals.

9. Persuasion does not work like this:

10. Persuasion does not work like this:

11. Persuasion works more like this:

12. You're having a dialogue with your audience, even when you're the only one speaking.

13. The responsibilities of the Persuasive speaker:

14. Central Concept from Lucas �We often think of persuasion as something a speaker does to an audience. In fact, as a great deal of research shows, persuasion is something a speaker does with an audience� (p. 403).

15. What you're going to need: An appropriate topic you care about, passionately. A prediction of the doubts & objections your audience will have. An inventory of the kinds of replies you can give.

16. Your Assignment: See your Workbook, pp. 46-50 Goals: A Persuasive Speech of Policy Time: 8 minutes Sources: minimum of 4 strong sources; review guidelines about sources in W pp. 53, 57-58 Topic Ideas�you�ll have feedback by the end of class Topic Analysis Forms due �tonight� via WebCT; goal is for you to really be able to draft most of your speech this weekend.

17. Your Assignment Visual Aid�discretion of lab instructor Extemporaneous delivery Preparation outlines due by workshop next Tuesday. Formal final outline due on speaking day Speaking outline to deliver from

18. You are creating a policy persuasive speech Some action should or should not be taken. �To persuade my audience to donate blood.� �To persuade my audience that the city of Ames should include ISU student representatives on all city boards and commissions.� To persuade my audience that the Federal Government should eliminate the electoral college. The form is always: "To persuade my audience that X should do Y."

19. Policy Speech Specific Purpose 5. Look at what you wrote for # 4 on the reflection question page. Can you turn that idea into a Specific Purpose statement for a Policy Speech? [or write down the specific purpose statement you hope to pursue for this speech]

20. What do I do next? Persuasive Speech Policy Analysis

21. One type of Persuasive speech Aims to Gain Passive Agreement

22. The Other Type of Policy Speech Aims to Gain Immediate Action To persuade my audience to volunteer as literacy tutors. To persuade my audience to boycott Nike products. To persuade my audience to participate in the political process beyond voting. To persuade my audience to sign a petition for longer library hours.

23. After Topic and Goal Selection; Move to Analysis Arguing to change the status quo. The speaker advocating change has the Burden of Proof The three issues to consider are grounded in theories of human psychology.

24. The Three Ps: Persuasive Speech Stock Issues Your audience is asking: What�s wrong? When you address the Problem issue you are answering that question. Your audience is asking: What, specifically, should we do about it? The Plan issue answers that question by offering a solution. Your audience is asking is doing this a good idea? What will happen if we do this? The Practicality issue refers to considerations of how well the plan solves the problem and its advantages and disadvantages.

25. Problem: Whatis wrong/right inthe Iraq War?

26. Plans: Should the war continue? Change? End?

27. Practicality: Will it be better if we adopt my plan? Will the Problem go away?

28. Practicality: Will it be worse if we adopt my plan? Will the problem remain or new problems begin?

29. Topic Analysis To persuade my audience that the state of Iowa should have a mandatory helmet law for motorcyclists. #6. What would be the problem issue here?

30. Problem, Plan and Practicality �The Problem with Pennies�

31. Sample Speech: �The Problem With Pennies� (volunteer readers) Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that pennies should be eliminated from the United States money supply. Central Idea: Because Pennies cause problems for individuals, businesses, and the economy as a whole, they should be eliminated from the U.S. money system.

32. Introduction: CARRP Attention: quote with a twist to raise curiosity Reveal Topic: pennies� �age of the penny is over� Relate to Audience: �most of you say��putting questions in their mouths��what would we do without pennies?� Credibility: personal: �I had the same questions when I started work on this speech.� expert: �as a result of my research I�m convinced� Preview: �the use of pennies is a costly problem and we can get along fine without them.�

33. Pattern of Organization? I. Pennies cause serious problems for individuals, businesses and the national economy. [Note the internal preview] II. The federal government should eliminate pennies from the money supply. [Note the signpost: �The plan has 4 steps]� Problem - Solution

34. Problem Issue--paragraphs 4-8 Pennies are a nuisance for individuals. [class survey, U.S. Mint Survey, example of Noel Gunther from the L.A. Times] Pennies are a nuisance for businesses too. [Fortune magazine, National Association of Convenience Stores] Pennies are a nuisance for the nation. [stats and testimony from the Treasury Dept., from the U.S. Mint, from U.S. News and World Report]

35. Plan Issue--paragraphs 10-13 First step is for the federal government to legalize and standardize rounding off purchases to the nearest nickel. The next step is to round the sales tax off to the nearest nickel. The third step is for the mint to stop making pennies. The fourth step is for people to cash in their pennies removing them from the money supply.

36. Practicality Issue--mixed in with the plan steps in paragraphs 10-15 Rounding off purchases: would not cause increased cost to consumers. Rounding off sales tax: again, no increased cost; it is like rounding off to the nearest dollar on your income tax return. Stop minting: this will save $80 million a year.

37. More Practicality Such a plan has worked in the U.S. before; in 1857 we eliminated the half-penny. We already practice this plan through the "Leave a Penny, Take a Penny" dishes at check-out counters.

38. Persuasive Speaking How do I organize persuasive speeches so that they are more convincing?

39. From �Much Ado About Nothing� DOGBERRY Marry, sir, they have committed false report; moreover, they have spoken untruths; secondarily, they are slanders; sixth and lastly, they have belied a lady; thirdly, They have verified unjust things; and, to conclude, they are lying knaves.

40. New Patterns for Persuasive Speeches  Problem-Solution Problem-Cause-Solution Monroe�s Motivated Sequence Comparative Advantages

41. Problem Solution Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that they should sign universal organ donor cards. Central Idea: We can take a step toward solving the serious shortage of organ donors in the United States by signing universal organ donor cards. I. There is a serious shortage of healthy organs available for transplant. II. By signing a universal organ donor card you can help solve this problem.

42. Strategic Benefit This is a powerful choice. Something is wrong. [You make us care.] We can fix it! [You show us what can be done and how we can help.] Using your Analysis I. Problem = Problem/Need II. Solution = Plan and Practicality

43. Problem/Solution

44. Problem-Cause-Solution Problem-Cause-Solution is even stronger than Problem-Solution. If you can isolate the causes and your plan addresses those causes it has built-in practicality impact. Using your analysis I. Problem = Problem/Need II. Cause = Problem/Need III. Solution = Plan and Practicality

45. Problem/Cause/Solution

46. Speech Analysis: Putting the Brakes on Teenage Driving (end of ch. 15) Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the age for full driving privileges should be raised to 18. Central Idea: Raising the age for full driving privileges to 18 will help reduce the large number of accidents and deaths among teenage drivers.

47. Attention: story of 16 years olds� car accident Credibility Goodwill�my nephew, I know you oppose such a plan Expertise��After researching�experts� Reveal Topic �The best way to prevent such accidents�� Relate to Audience Audience questionnaire Preview Problems associated with teenage driving The major causes of the problems A plan that will go a long way to solving those problems.

48. There are too many car accidents, injuries and deaths involving teenage drivers. There are 4 main causes. A. Inexperience (but we will always have that) B. Undeveloped brains C. Night driving D. Distracted by passengers My solution has 3 parts. A. Change ages of licensing (responds to brains issue). B. Restrict nighttime driving. (responds to nights arg.). C. Restrict the number of passengers. (responds to concern about passenger distractions).

49. Monroe�s Motivated Sequence Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action

50. Monroe's Motivated Sequence

51. Outline in Workbook p. 65 Attention�story in intro Need�Problem issue developed 35,000 people need bone marrow transplant Process is used to treat many diseases 70% of people who need it have no family match to try. 1 in 9 people in need find no match

52. Satisfaction Iowa Marrow Donor Program Two donor drives in Nov. and December You can join right here in Ames Process of becoming a Marrow Donor is simple. Increasing the number of people in the registry will help solve the problem. Visualization Jessica�s story [U of I student had a need] Scott�s story [Urbandale man became a donor and saved a life] Action Get registered �take time to become a hero�

53. Analysis of �The Ultimate Gift� (T. pp. A15-A17) ATTENTION STEP In the Introduction Rhetorical questions; you are not donating blood. NEED STEP American Red Cross Web pages say we need 3,000 gallons of blood every hour. Brooke needs blood Only one in 20 of those who could donate actually donate.

54. Monroe�s Motivated Sequence in Action SATISFACTION Everyone can be part of the solution by giving blood. The process of blood donation is simple. I was scared the first time, but it was not painful and it was safe.

55. Monroe�s Motivated Sequence in Action VISUALIZATION Every unit of blood you donate can help save three lives. You can help many people�imagine helping to save 180 lives over the next decade! ACTION Become a blood donor Lots of motivational appeals Small price in time There is a shortage; Brooke needs you Go do it!

56. Comparative Advantages For use only when the audience already agrees that there is a problem that needs to be solved. The main points are used to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various plans suggested. It is essentially a process of elimination structure.

57. Comparative Advantages: Using your Analysis Intro sets out the Problem: In the Intro do CARRP but also review the Problem Gas prices have risen sharply Review stats Review percentage of budget for drivers Be sure to include a Preview There are three possible ways to solve this problem, but only one can really work.� Today I will argue that the government should invest its resources to develop alternate fuel technology.

58. First part of the Body I.��Some argue that we should increase our refining capacity. It has been proposed.� [describe the Plan] This won't work. [Practicality] II. Some argue that we should increase drilling in the U.S. Proposals for drilling in Alaska and for offshore drilling have been made. [Plan] This won't work. [Practicality]

59. Internal Summary/Transition:� We all agree that we must take action to deal with the current fuel shortage and high prices.� Increasing refining capacity and new domestic drilling projects have been proposed, but they won�t solve the problem.� Instead, what we must do is�. III. The government should invest its resources in alternative fuel technologies. Specifics of the Plan are covered. It will work and will solve our energy crisis. [Practicality] Conclusion: Call to "action."

60. Alternative Comparative Advantages Outline Format: Investing in alternative fuel technologies is a better plan than investing in new refineries because it is the most long term solution for our energy needs. Investing in alternative fuel technologies is a better plan than investing in new refineries because it is more ecologically sound. Investing in alternative fuel technologies is a better plan than investing in new refineries because such investment will have the best impact on the national economy. Each Main point looks at 2 plans to compare them on one practicality point.

61. Practice

62. 1. What pattern of organization is being used in the following? I. Alcohol-related traffic accidents kill more college age people than any other single problem. II. Drinking and driving is a social problem that is caused by peer pressure, inconsistent laws, and irresponsible actions. III. You can help combat this problem by taking three simple steps.

63. 2. What pattern of organization is being used in the following? I. This nation faces a serious crisis of voter apathy. II. You must register, study and vote to contribute positively to the process. III. You must act because in a nation where everyone votes responsibly we would achieve the vision of intelligent discussion of issues and candidates who are held accountable.

64. 3. What pattern of organization is being used in the following? Lax security in the ISU dorms threatens the safety of undergraduates. Keeping residence hall entrances locked 24-hours a day will make ISU students safer.

65. 4. What pattern of organization is being used in the following? I. We could escape the state budget deficit by cutting funding for state services and for state universities. II. We could escape the state budget deficit by reducing pay to all state employees through furloughs. III. The best way to escape the state budget deficit is through raising the state�s income taxes.

66. End