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醫學名詞尋根

醫學名詞尋根. 92 年 9 月 10 日 陳祖裕 課程介紹 字首、字尾、字根. 課程介紹. 醫學人文課程，選修 上學期 2 學分：以學科分類 下學期 2 學分：以系統分類 可以只選其中一門 希望大家都選 ---- 開課老師的心願. 教學目標. 由各領域的老師以說故事的方式介紹重要字彙之來源及典故，以培養學生的學習興趣及奠定知識基礎 著重啟發學生思考，並儘量提供系統化的思考模式協助單字的記憶 因應三、四年級之基礎與臨床醫學整合課程所需. 授課進度. Introduction (1) Anatomy (4)

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醫學名詞尋根

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  1. 醫學名詞尋根 • 92年9月10日 • 陳祖裕 • 課程介紹 • 字首、字尾、字根

  2. 課程介紹 • 醫學人文課程，選修 • 上學期2學分：以學科分類 • 下學期2學分：以系統分類 • 可以只選其中一門 • 希望大家都選----開課老師的心願

  3. 教學目標 • 由各領域的老師以說故事的方式介紹重要字彙之來源及典故，以培養學生的學習興趣及奠定知識基礎 • 著重啟發學生思考，並儘量提供系統化的思考模式協助單字的記憶 • 因應三、四年級之基礎與臨床醫學整合課程所需

  4. 授課進度 • Introduction (1) • Anatomy (4) • Microbiology and Immunology (2) • Midterm examination • Parasitology (2) • Physiology (2) • Pharmacology (2) • Pathology (2) • Final examination

  5. 成績計算 • 期中考試 40% • 期末考試 40% • 專題報告 25% • 缺課一次扣總分一分 • 滿分為100分

  6. Admission Note之節錄 This patient suffered from dyspnea, orthopnea and epigastralgia for 3 days. He was cachectic and cyanotic. Further PE revealed diffuse rales and rhonchi over bilateral lung bases, in addition, occasional wheezing was also evidenced. Retraction of the intercostal muscles during inspiration was also noted. The chest film showed marked cardiomegaly and presence of Kernig B lines. The initial treatment included intramuscular injection of morphine, intravenous injection of furosemide and oxygen inhalation.

  7. 書本之節錄 Anaerobes are sometimes isolated in case of crepitant cellulitis, synergistic cellulitis, gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis, cutaneous abscess, rectal abscess, and axillary sweat gland infection (hidradenitis suppurativa). Meleney’s gangrene is a progressive, exquisitely painful skin process, with erythema, swelling, induration, and a central zone of necrosis. Anaerobic cocci and Staphylococcus aureus are common pathogens. While necrotizing fasciitis is usually attributed to group A streptococci, it can be caused by anaerobes, including Peptostreptococcusand Bacteroides spp.Fouriner’s gangrene involves cellulitis of the genital and perineal areas.

  8. Medical Terms • 似是一種新語文（連老外都要修習）：因為許多醫學名詞是衍生自希臘文和拉丁文 • 較易學習：如果會分析其key elements及認得相關的字 • 大多數醫學名詞係由二個以上的部分組成，若能個別判讀將可了解其義 • 故要認得常用的medical roots (root words), prefixes, and suffixes學習才能事半功倍 • 字根：可在字首之後，字尾之前或兩者之間；也有些字是由兩個字根所組成

  9. Principles of Word Building • 醫學名詞三個基本元素: • Root words （字根） • Prefixes （字首） • Suffixes （字尾） • 字根字 vs. 合併形式 • 何時使用及不使用合併母音字母（combining vowels） • 字首和字尾如何改變字根字

  10. To define an unfamiliar term • 先認出它的元素 • 分析每一元素的意義 • 把所有元素的意義加在一起就知道它的解釋

  11. 心 以 為例

  12. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology =

  13. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology = study of the heart （心臟學）

  14. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology = study of the heart （心臟學） • Suffix: ist = specialist • Cardiologist =

  15. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology = study of the heart （心臟學） • Suffix: ist = specialist • Cardiologist = specialist in the study of the heart （心臟科專家、心臟科專科醫師）

  16. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology = study of the heart （心臟學） • Suffix: ist = specialist • Cardiologist = specialist in the study of the heart （心臟科專家、心臟科專科醫師） • Perfix: brady = slow; suffix: a = condition • Bradycardia =

  17. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology = study of the heart （心臟學） • Suffix: ist = specialist • Cardiologist = specialist in the study of the heart （心臟科專家、心臟科專科醫師） • Perfix: brady = slow; suffix: a = condition • Bradycardia = slow heart condition （心搏過緩） • “cardi”與“a”之間沒有 “o” ，WHY？

  18. Roots • 字中具中心意義的部分 • 在與其他字的元素合併時會轉換成一種形式，稱為合併形式（combining form） • 字根 + 母首字母：cardio + o = cardio • “o” 是最常用的combining vowel • Roots常表示解剖學構造或生理學概念 • 要先記住其中一些，學習其他的字就會變得比較容易

  19. Roots之例子 Root Combining vowel Combining form Meaning cardi o cardi/o heart vasculi o vascul/o blood vessels immun o immun/o immunity respir o respir/o breathing ren o ren/o kidney rephr o nephr/o kidney arthr o arthr/o joint

  20. Roots之例子 Root Combining vowel Combining form Meaning cardi o cardi/o heart vasculi o vascul/o blood vessels immun o immun/o immunity respir o respir/o breathing ren o ren/o kidney nephr o nephr/o kidney arthr o arthr/o joint

  21. Ren vs. Nephr • Latin：器官之來源 • Ren：renocortical, renography, renopuncture • 例外：renopathy • Greek：器官之疾病 • Nephr：nephrology, nephroblastoma, nephrocalcinosis, nephrocele, nephrosis, • 例外：nephrocentesis

  22. Roots • cardi-o-pulmonary (cardi = heart; pulmonary = lung) • cardi-o-vascular (vascular = blood vessel) • angioedema (angi = vessel) • encephalic (cephal = head) • scleroderma (derm = skin) • phototherapy (photo = light; therapy = treatment)

  23. Suffixes • 在root之後的一個或多個字母，可修飾root之意義 • 如suffix 的開始是consonant, 便要在suffix 之前加一個combining vowel, 例如：“o” • 如suffix 的開始是vowel, 在suffix 之前便不必加combining vowel

  24. 心 以 為例

  25. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology = study of the heart （心臟學）

  26. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology = study of the heart （心臟學） • Suffix: ac = pertaining to • Cardiac =

  27. 心 • Root word: cardi = heart • Combining form: cardi + o = cardio • Suffix: logy = study of • Cardiology = study of the heart （心臟學） • Suffix: ac = pertaining to • Cardiac =pertaining to the heart （心臟的） • 沒有 “o” • 因為 “ac”以vowel為第一字母

  28. 血管 • Root word: vascul = blood vessel • Combining form: vascul + o = vasculo • Suffix: pathy = disease • vasculopathy =

  29. 血管 • Root word: vascul = blood vessel • Combining form: vascul + o = vasculo • Suffix: pathy = disease • vasculopathy = disease of the blood vessels （血管病）

  30. 血管 • Root word: vascul = blood vessel • Combining form: vascul + o = vasculo • Suffix: pathy = disease • vasculopathy = disease of the blood vessels （血管病） • Suffix: itis = inflammation

  31. 血管 • Root word: vascul = blood vessel • Combining form: vascul + o = vasculo • Suffix: pathy = disease • vasculopathy = disease of the blood vessels （血管病） • Suffix: itis = inflammation • vasculitis =inflammation of the blood vessels （血管炎） • 沒有 “o” • 因為 “itis”以vowel為第一字母

  32. 心臟 + 血管 • Root word: • cardi = heart • vascul = blood vessel • Combining form: cardio + vascul • Suffix: ar = pertaining to • cardiovascular = pertaining to the heart and blood vessels （心臟血管的） • cardiovascular disease =心臟血管疾病

  33. 心臟 +主動脈 • Root word: • cardi = heart • aort = aorta • Combining form: cardio + aorta • Suffix: ic = pertaining to • cardioaortic = pertaining to the heart and aorta （心臟及主動脈的） • “aort”的首字母是vowel仍要在“cardi”後加上“o” • root與root相連時是不管第二個root的首字母是否vowel都要加combining vowel

  34. Prefix • 在root之前的一個或多個字母，可修飾root之意義 • 許多是standard English vocabulary • 例：anti- = against, e.g., antibiotics, antihistamine

  35. Prefixes • bradycardia vs. tachycardia • cardi = heart (root) • a = condition (suffix) • Prefixes: brady = slow tachy = fast • bradycardia = • tachycardia =

  36. Prefixes • bradycardia vs. tachycardia • cardi = heart (root) • a = condition (suffix) • Prefixes: brady = slow tachy = fast • bradycardia = 心搏徐緩 • tachycardia = 心搏快速 • 字首可改變整個字的意義

  37. Deciphering New Medical Terms • cardi (root): • cardiac • cardiovascular • cardiologist • cardiogenic, • cardiomyopathy (myo = muscle, pathy = disease) • electr/o = electrical, graphy = recording • electrocardiography = • peri = surrounding, centesis = puncture • pericardiocentesis =

  38. Deciphering New Medical Terms • cardi (root): • cardiac • cardiovascular • cardiologist • cardiogenic, • cardiomyopathy (myo = muscle, pathy = disease) • electr/o = electrical, graphy = recording • electrocardiography = 心電圖（ECG） • peri = surrounding, centesis = puncture • pericardiocentesis = 心包穿剌術

  39. 練習 • vasculitis • bradycardia • carviovascular • immunology • nephritis • arthritis

  40. Vasculitis • Root = ? • Prefix = ? • Suffix = ? • Combining vowel = ?

  41. Vasculitis • Root = vascul = 血管 • Prefix = 無 • Suffix = itis = 發炎 • Combining vowel = 無 • Vasculitis =

  42. Vasculitis • Root = vascul = 血管 • Prefix = 無 • Suffix = itis = 發炎 • Combining vowel = 無 • Vasculitis = 血管炎

  43. Bradycardia • Root = ? • Prefix = ? • Suffix = ? • Combining vowel = ?

  44. Bardycardia • Root = cardi = 心臟 • Prefix = brady = 慢 • Suffix = a = 情況 • Combining vowel = 無 • Bradycardia =

  45. Bardycardia • Root = cardi = 心臟 • Prefix = brady = 慢 • Suffix = a = 情況 • Combining vowel = 無 • Bradycardia =心搏徐緩

  46. Cardiovascular • Root = ? • Prefix = ? • Suffix = ? • Combining vowel = ?

  47. Cardiovascular • Root = cardi = 心臟；vascul = 血管 • Prefix = 無 • Suffix = ar = 情況 • Combining vowel = o • Cardiovascular =

  48. Cardiovascular • Root = cardi = 心臟；vascul = 血管 • Prefix = 無 • Suffix = ar = 情況 • Combining vowel = o • Cardiovascular = 心臟血管的

  49. Immunology • Root = ? • Prefix = ? • Suffix = ? • Combining vowel = ?

  50. Immunology • Root = immun = 免疫（immune） • Prefix = 無 • Suffix = logy = 學科 • Combining vowel = o • immunology =

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