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Polymer Chemistry

Polymer Chemistry. monomers. Polymer. The word, polymer , implies that polymers are constructed from pieces ( monomers ) that can be easily connected into long chains ( polymer ). Cotton: a natural polymer. What is its building block (monomer)?.

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Polymer Chemistry

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  1. Polymer Chemistry

  2. monomers Polymer The word, polymer, implies that polymers are constructed from pieces (monomers) that can be easily connected into long chains (polymer).

  3. Cotton: a natural polymer What is its building block (monomer)? Cotton fiber is mostly cellulose, and cellulose is made of chains of the sugar.

  4. NYLON A man-made polymer

  5. Monomer Polymer Examples of monomers and polymers

  6. monomer : one unit • oligomer : few • polymer : many (poly – many, mer – part) • telechelic polymer : polymer containing reactive end group •       (tele = far, chele = claw) • telechelic oligomer : oligomer containing reactive end group • macromer(=macro monomer) : monomer containing long chain Definitions A. Acoording to the amount of repeating units

  7. B. Degree of polymerization The total number of repeating units contained terminal group C. The kinds of applied monomers • One kind : Homopolymer • Two kinds : Copolymer • Three kinds : Terpolymer Definitions

  8. D. Types of copolymer • Homopolymer : -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A- • Random copolymer :    -A-B-B-A-B-A-A-B- • Alternating copolymer : -A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B- • Block copolymer :      -A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B- • Graft copolymer :     -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A- B-B-B-B-B-

  9. linear   (b) branch (c) network E. Representation of polymer types

  10. (a) star polymer (b) comb polymer (c)ladder polymer F. Representation of polymer architectures (d) semi- ladder (or stepladder) polymer

  11. (f) polycatenane (e) polyrotaxane (g) dendrimer F. Representation of polymer architectures

  12. Polymerization Processes • A. Classification of polymers to be suggested by Carothers • Addition polymers : repeating units and monomers are same • Condensation polymers : repeating units and monomers • are not  equal, to be split out small molecule G. Thermoplastic and thermoset (reaction to temperature) • Thermoplastic : Linear or branched polymer • Thermoset   : Network polymer

  13. Hydrocarbon polymer from ethylene and from α,ω-dibromide

  14. Chain growth polymerization : Addition polymerization         molecular weights increase successively,  one by one monomer Ring-opening polymerization may be either step or chain reaction Polymerization Processes B. Modern classification of polymerization according to    polymerization mechanism Step growth polymerization : Polymers build up stepwise

  15. (A) Unreacted monomer (B) 50% reacted (C) 75% reacted (D) 100% reacted

  16. A. Monomer : vinyl monomer • χCH2=CH2 • B. Reaction : Addition reaction initiated by active species • C. Mechanism : • Initiation •        R + CH2=CH2 → RCH2CH2 • Propagation •        RCH2CH2 + CH2=CH2 → RCH2CH2CH2CH2 . . . . Chain-reaction Polymerization

  17. Types of Nomenclature a. Source name : to be based on names of corresponding monomer Polyethylene, Poly(vinyl chloride), Poly(ethylene oxide) b. IUPAC name : to be based on CRU, systematic name Poly(methylene), Poly(1-chloroethylene), Poly(oxyethylene) c. Functional group name : Acoording to name of functional group in the polymer backbone Polyamide, Polyester d. Trade name : The commercial names by manufacturer Teflon, Nylon e. Abbreviation name : PVC, PET  f. Complex and Network polymer : Phenol-formaldehyde polymer  g. Vinyl polymer : Polyolefin

  18. Vinyl polymers • Vinyl polymers • IUPAC name : Poly(1-phenylethylene), Poly(1-carboxylatoethylene) •             Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene), Poly(1-propylethylene) PolystyrenePoly(acrylic acid) Poly(1-pentene) Poly(α-methylstyrene)  B. Diene monomers 1,4-addition 1,2-addition IUPAC name : Poly(1-vinylethylene)      Poly(1-butene-1,4-diyl)  

  19. a. The world consumption of synthetic polymers 1) Plastics : 56% 2) Fibers  : 18% 3) Synthetic rubber : 11% 4) Coating and Adhesives : 15% b.Styrene-butadiene copolymer Synthetic rubber,   PET  Fiber (polyester) Latex paint           Plastic (bottle) Industrial Polymers

  20. Commodity Plastic Type Major Uses Abbreviation LDPE Packaging film, wire and cable insulation, toys, flexible bottles housewares, coatings Low-density polyethylene HDPE Bottles, drums, pipe, conduit, sheet, film, wire and cable insulation High-density Polyethylene PP Automobile and appliance parts, furniture, cordage, webbing, carpeting, film packaging Polypropylene Construction, rigid pipe, flooring, wire and cable insulation, film and sheet PVC Poly(vinyl chloride) PS Polystyrene Packaging (foam and film), foam insulation appliances, housewares, toys

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