The European Research Infrastructure ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System)

1. The European Research Infrastructure ICOS(Integrated Carbon Observation System) • GEO X Summit, Geneva • 15. January 2014 • Werner L. Kutsch, Thünen Institut ofClimate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig , Germany • from March on: Director General of ICOS RI, Helsinki, Finland

2. Introductionandbackground Climate changes caused by the increase of greenhouse gases represent a major challenge to mankind. Precise, long-term and internationally comparable measurements are a key factor in improving our knowledge of the complex interactions between climate on the one hand and biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere on the other. They are the best investment for avoiding surprises and reducing uncertainties about what tomorrow holds. ICOS will provide these measurements.

3. The visionandthescientificmissionof ICOS fundamental understanding of carbon cycle, greenhouse gas budgets and pertubations and underlying processes, ability to predict future changes, verify the effectiveness of policies aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, technical and scientific innovation, education and capacity building.

4. The visionof ICOS All importantparameters State ofthearttechniques Representativenetworks Relevant dataproducts Optimum datastreams Long-termfinancialsecurity of all partners A communitytoproduce higherleveloutput

5. The ICOS stationnetworktoday ….and anticipated ICOS stationnetwork 2020

6. ICOS atmosphericstationsand inverse modellingof CO2fluxes ICOS 23 stations Europe ICOS 50 stations Europe Kadygrov et al. EGU 2013 Uncertainty reduction on CO2 fluxes during the month of July 2007 red = CO2 flux is better constrained [courtesy J.D. Paris]

7. Ground based remote sensing: Permanent monitoringGood accuracy Satellite calibration Carbonobservations Aircraft: Vertical sampling High accuracy Multispecies Satellite remote sensing: Vertical column, Global coverage Poor - good accuracy Masts, Tall towers: Permanent monitoringHigh accuracy Multispecies FTIR TCCON IAGOS CONTRAIL GOSAT OCO-2 MERLIN (CH4) … Eddy covariance: “Direct” measurement of local fluxes ICOS NOAA/GMD ICOS NEON [courtesy J.D. Paris]

8. Development of ICOS ICOS ERIC 2014 EuropeanResearch Infrastructure Consortium CarboEurope-IP, CarboOcean-IP Other research projects National networks Transition phase EU funding National contributions [courtesy J.D. Paris] National contributions + EU funding

9. The structureof ICOS RI Greenhouse gas flux assessments International programs ICOS council ICOS ERIC Head office Data from connex projectsand international networks Global Networks GEOSS Carbon Portal Analytical Laboratory Ecosystem Thematic Centre Atmospheric Thematic Centre Ocean Thematic Centre Calibration Sample Analysis Quality Control Training Sensors developed Ecosystem stations Atmospheric stations Ocean Ships and stations Ocean component into ICOS under design

10. The structureof ICOS (Germany asexample) European Level National Level Data Administration Money

11. Verificationofpoliciestoreduce GHG emissions Sources: IPCC;Peters et al. 2012a; Le Quéré et al. 2012; CDIAC Data; Global Carbon Project 2012

12. Verificationofpoliciestoreduce GHG emissions Post-Kyoto agreement (2020) Developobservingtechniques Establishbaselines Critical VerificationPeriod Robust verification, finegrid Initial capability, ERIC (2014) Fully operational (2020) Future enhancements (2030…)

13. ICOS and GEO (thegoodnews) • ICOS willprovide long-term and highlyaccurate data on atmospheric GHG concentrations, GHG fluxes betweenecosystems and the atmosphere, and betweenoceans and the atmosphere and, thus, willcontribute to a Global Carbon Observation System • ICOS data policy: in general open access and free. • ICOS contributes to the Open E-Science Information Linking Model • ICOS understandsitself as a contribution to GEOSS. • The ICOS communityisverykeen to develophigherlevelproducts on European and Global GHG fluxes togetherwithotherpartners in GEO (e.g. remotesensingcommunity)

14. ICOS and GEO: an example http://www.genesi-dec.eu/search/ • Ensuring interoperability • through GEOSS data infrastructure will optimize the discoverability, accessibility and re-use of data • GENESI-DEC discovery platform • Here: collocating ICOS and SCIAMACHY data [courtesy J.D. Paris]

15. ICOS contributionsto GEO • Automatic, robust, timely in-situ GHG data provision by ICOS toatmosphere and land services in Copernicus • Contribute to achievement of Task CL-02 Global Carbon Observation and Analysis: • Infrastructure (better data and enhancedinteroperability) • Science and technology (linkwithspace) • User engagement (network design, requirements) • Contribute to the WMO Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) • GEOSS Common Infrastructure: Enablebrokerage solutions for ICOS data • Submit data to WMO WDCGG -> GEOSS Data CORE

16. ICOS contributionsto GEO Past Future • FP5/FP6, CARBOEUROPE cluster, CarboAfrica, CarboOcean, others: put in place and/or enhance the EU carbon monitoring system; improved knowledge of the European (and African) C-cycle. • FP7, COCOS: coordinated European and global carbon relevant initiatives; defined the GEO C-Strategy. • FP7, ICOS Prep Phase:set up the infrastructure for a integrated and standardized monitoring of C-cycle at global level, starting from Europe. • FP7, GEOCARBON: global coordination toward the design and development of an Operational Global Integrated Carbon • Observation and Analysis System. Experience Strategy EC: an integrated C-contribution to GEO Infrastructure Coordination Operation

17. ICOS and GEO: gaps • ICOS Carbon Portal isunder construction (willbecomeoperational 2014). • ICOS has startedinternal and external discussions about: • Metadata • Digital objectidentifiers (doi) for data • Data citation systems • But thereis no final conclusion yet. • We are open to discussions on standards.

18. ICOS and GEO Thank you! werner.kutsch@ti.bund.de www.icos-infrastructure.eu nadine.schneider@lsce.ipsl.fr jdparis@lsce.ipsl.fr • www.icos-inwire.lsce.ipsl.fr