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Neolithic Settlement and Domestication: Catalysts for Infectious Disease

Neolithic Settlement and Domestication: Catalysts for Infectious Disease. April Tolley Professor Megan Tucker ANTH 4490 Bioarchaeology 4 December 2012. Topic and Purpose .

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Neolithic Settlement and Domestication: Catalysts for Infectious Disease

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  1. Neolithic Settlement and Domestication: Catalysts for Infectious Disease April Tolley Professor Megan Tucker ANTH 4490 Bioarchaeology 4 December 2012

  2. Topic and Purpose • I have compiled evidence based on molecular genetics of the bacteria that are the causative agents of infectious disease in order to demonstrate that Neolithic domestication of nonhuman animals was the catalyst for infectious disease epidemics among humans that are seen in Neolithic skeletons. • The purpose of my research is to explore the rise of infectious disease in Neolithic humans and its correlation with permanent settlements and animal domestication of the Neolithic Revolution, as well as to examine diseases that possibly plagued Neolithic farmers.

  3. Neolithic Revolution • Began 10,000 years ago • Rise of agriculture • Plant domestication • Animal domestication • Arose independently in 9 major location across 4 continents

  4. http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era4.php

  5. http://thesga.org/2011/10/origins-of-agriculture-discussed-in-detail/http://thesga.org/2011/10/origins-of-agriculture-discussed-in-detail/

  6. Animal Domestication • Sheep: 10,500 years ago • Wild Boar: 10,000 years ago • Red Junglefowl: 10,000 years ago • Goat: 10,000 years ago • Feline: 9,500 years ago • Cattle: 9,000 years ago • Evolution of Domestic Junglefowl (Chicken): 8,000 years ago • Wild Duck (Mallard): 7,000 years ago • Bactrian Camel: 5,000-6,000 years ago • Wild Horse: 5,500 years ago • Wild Turkey: >4,000 years ago • Wild Quail: 900 years ago

  7. Neolithic…Revolution? • Human population increase that has increased exponentially ever since • Bioarchaeological record shows much more evidence of infectious disease • Crowd Diseases: pathogens require large population in order to continually sustain themselves • Zoonotic Diseases: contagious diseases transmitted from nonhuman animals to human animals

  8. Disease Emergence and Transmission • Smallpox: 3,000 years ago from camels • Measles: 7,000-8,000 years ago from cattle or ruminants • Influenza A: 6,000 years ago from ducks • Plague: 1,500-20,000 years ago from rodent fleas • Toxoplasmosis: 9,500 years ago from cats • Malaria: 5,000-10,000 years ago from bird mosquitoes

  9. Skeletal Evidence for Disease • Most infections do not manifest on bone • However, severe and prolonged infection can infect bone and leave lesions • Periostitis • Osteomyelitis

  10. Periosteal Infection http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2011/11/15/an-apple-a-day-keeps-more-than-the-dentist-away/

  11. Osteomyelitis http://www.google.com/imgres?start=88&num=10&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1241&bih=584&tbm=isch&tbnid=WrHe1T43RRX-RM:&imgrefurl=http://www.healthmedialab.com/html/infectious/tibia_ost.html&docid=ULmjFSeA3QAILM&imgurl=http://www.healthmedialab.com/art/exhibits/tibia_ost.jpg&w=645&h=212&ei=RwG-UMSvOInk9ASYxYGQAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=580&vpy=153&dur=3874&hovh=129&hovw=392&tx=154&ty=72&sig=112280970018739800865&sqi=2&page=4&tbnh=99&tbnw=270&ndsp=35&ved=1t:429,r:92,s:0,i:220

  12. Skeletal Evidence for Disease • Severe and prolonged illness can also indirectly leave marks on the skeleton • Harris lines • Enamel hypoplasia

  13. Harris Lines http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1241&bih=584&tbm=isch&tbnid=vdYYpWcHZxakYM:&imgrefurl=http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/29/7/2101.figures-only&docid=XzrW2vzFGuZuwM&imgurl=http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/29/7/2101/F6.small.gif&w=200&h=167&ei=HAK-UMnyEIX28gTQr4C4CA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=847&vpy=189&dur=196&hovh=133&hovw=160&tx=144&ty=69&sig=112280970018739800865&page=1&tbnh=131&tbnw=150&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0,i:115

  14. Enamel Hypoplasia http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1241&bih=584&tbm=isch&tbnid=gdFyF7lNPd12VM:&imgrefurl=http://www.proteinpower.com/drmike/low-carb-diets/nutrition-and-health-in-agriculturalists-and-hunter-gatherers/&docid=4fOQVMrAu10BOM&imgurl=http://www.proteinpower.com/drmike/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/enamel-hypoplasia3-blog.jpg&w=474&h=199&ei=4wK-UMquMIng8wT8mYGQBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=619&vpy=145&dur=1086&hovh=146&hovw=348&tx=108&ty=36&sig=112280970018739800865&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=250&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:95 http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1241&bih=584&tbm=isch&tbnid=ufaH9ee8WUmB9M:&imgrefurl=http://www.proteinpower.com/drmike/low-carb-diets/nutrition-and-health-in-agriculturalists-and-hunter-gatherers/&docid=4fOQVMrAu10BOM&imgurl=http://www.proteinpower.com/drmike/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/enamel-hypoplasia2-blog.jpg&w=450&h=203&ei=4wK-UMquMIng8wT8mYGQBw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=377&sig=112280970018739800865&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=251&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:86&tx=212&ty=73

  15. Conclusion • These skeletal markings are attributed to nonspecific infection. I provided here a few of the many possible diseases that could have been the cause of these infections. • “The most important infectious diseases of modern food-producing human populations also include diseases that could have emerged only within the past 11,000 years, following the rise of agriculture” (Dobson and Carper 1996), (Diamond 1997 in Wolfe et al. 2007) • “If people had domesticated only plants, these changes would only have exposed them more intensively to disease organisms that they already harbored” (Ritvo2004) • Domestication of animals is a factor that increases disease risk (Armelagos et al. 2005)

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