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PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY. Explanation of behaviour that refer to the body systems – cells, muscles, blood, hormones and the nervous system. PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY. Miranda Psychology. Physiological Psychology STRESS. Section 1 Stress as a bodily response. Section 3

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PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

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  1. PHYSIOLOGICALPSYCHOLOGY

  2. Explanation of behaviour that refer to the body systems – cells, muscles, blood, hormones and the nervous system. PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Miranda Psychology

  3. Physiological Psychology STRESS Section 1 Stress as a bodily response Section 3 Critical Issues: Stress management Section 2 Sources of stress

  4. ton What is stress? Pressures, demands (stressors), exert force on the body, stress is the body’s response to this. A stress response is an innate, defensive and adaptive reaction Stress levels also depend on whether the person feels that they can cope with demands placed on them or not ton SNAP ton

  5. Stress Definition Stress is a state of psychological and physical tension produced when an individual perceives that they are unable to cope with the demands imposed on them by a stressor. The consequent state of tension can be adaptive (eustress) or maladaptive (distress)

  6. FIGHT STRESSORS Effects of stress Family Relations RETURN TO NORMAL Disagreements FLIGHT Money Worries Need to Succeed Exams COPING Friends COPING STRATEGIES Decisions RELAXATION New Situations NOT COPING POOR DIET NO EXERCISE NEGATIVE THOUGHT IRRITABILITY POSSIBLE DISEASE OR MENTAL ILLNESS EXHAUSTION

  7. The Biology Of Stress PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL : Walter Cannon(1932) The response to stress Stress and the nervous system Neurons Neurotransmitters

  8. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Automatically responds to stressor Sympathetic Parasympathetic

  9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM GLANDS HORMONES

  10. Contrasting Communication Systems Nervous Endocrine • Consists of nerve cells • Acts by transmitting nerve impulses • Acts rapidly • Direct control • Specified localised effects of neurotransmitters • Short lived effects • Consists of ductless glands • Acts by releasing hormones • Acts slowly • Indirect control • Hormones spread around body • Hormones remain in blood for some time

  11. Homeostasis The process of maintaining a reasonable constant internal environment in the body. 98.6 F or 37 ºC

  12. Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System -Hypothalamic -Pituitary -Adrenal - axis SAM HPA Work together to control stress response

  13. Effects of SAM activity • Heightened activity of SAM prepares us for Fight or Flight. Increase in energy Increased alertness Increased blood flow to the muscles Increased heart and respiration rate Reduced activity in digestive system Increased release of clotting factors in the blood Adrenaline and Noradrenaline increase the output of the heart ,which can cause increase in Blood Pressure.

  14. Effects of HPA activity + Cortisol is important for coping with long term stress,it maintains a steady supply of fuel. +Glucocorticoids conserve glucos for neural tissues, elevate or stabilise blood glucose levels,mobilise protein reserves, conserve salts and water. +Cortisol helps reverse bodies initial stress responses and helps body to revert to a stable state.

  15. Effects of HPA activity • The blood has elevated levels of glucose (for energy) and hormones (ACTH and adrenaline) so the body continues to use its resources fast. • The anti inflammatory action of glucocorticoids slows wound healing • Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system which protects the body against viruses and bacteria.(so we are more likely to pick up infection.)

  16. General Adaptation Syndrome G . A . S Hans Selye(1936) - ‘STRESS’ research PIONEER Rats showed same symptoms in response to all of Stimuli. General state of ‘stress’

  17. STAGE 1 . ALARM: STAGE 2. RESISTANCE STAGE 3. EXHAUSTION

  18. Evaluation of GAS + Pioneering research into stress + Alerted medicine to the importance of stress in disease - Not much attention paid to SAM , the relationship between SAM and HPA not fully appreciated • Stress does not always produce the same physiological patterns. Mason (1975)different patterns of adrenaline/noradrenaline and cortisol for different stressors. • Criticised for use of non human animals • Suggestion that people respond in a passive way to stress. Mason.

  19. How does stress cause physical illness? DIRECTLYINDIRECTLY SUPPRESSING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Leucocytes (white blood cells) Lymphocytes (B Cells or T Cells) Anti bodies Natural killer cells Endorphins CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS Hypertension CHD Strokes Changes in health practices that will increase risk of illness • Smoking • Drinking • Drugs • Sleeplessness • Exercise less

  20. Monkey What sorts of illness does stress cause? CHD Friedman & Rosenman Air Traffic Controller Ulcers Brady Hypertension Cobb & Rose Business Man

  21. Sources of Stress Lesson objectives: Identifying sources of stress Theory-Assessing own stress levels using SRRS, a way of identifying a link with life events, sources of stress and illness. Evidence for SRRS Evaluating this approach Checking knowledge.

  22. SOURCES OF STRESS Transactional Model Cox (1978)

  23. LIFE EVENTS as stressors Social Readjustment Rating Scale Holmes and Rahe Key Study : Rahe et al stress of life events Correlation stress related illness

  24. De Longis et al DAILY HASSLES & UPLIFTS e.g. rising prices home maintenance crime physical appearance (bad hair day?) weight recreation relations with friends / family good weather job promotion

  25. Work Place Stress Pressures of work Work environment Key Study : Marmot et al ‘Workplace Stressors’ BURNOUT

  26. NOISE (Glass et al) Predictability Controllability Higher Stress? Control Lack of Control Langer and Rodin ‘Old Peoples Homes’

  27. Personality – Friedman & Rosenman Gender Culture Hardiness - Kobasa Individual Differences Can be innate or learned Taylor Franken Houser Hastrup et al Ogden Gyton & Hall Weg Anderson Cooper et al Bailey & Dua

  28. STRESS ! Critical Issue STRESS MANAGEMENT

  29. STRESS MANAGEMENT Physiological Approaches Psychological Approaches Bio feedback Cognitive therapies .Stress inoculation training Anti Anxiety Drugs .Hardiness training Beta Blockers Benzodiazepines Social Support

  30. MULTIDIMENTIONAL COPING INVENTORY Coping strategies that different people use to handle stressful situation • Task orientated strategy • Emotional orientated strategy • Avoidance orientated strategy

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