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The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide

The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide. Chapter 4 Section 1 Page 83. During Egypt’s Middle Kingdom period (about 2080 – 1640 B.C.E.), trade with Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley enriched Egypt.

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The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide

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  1. The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide Chapter 4 Section 1 Page 83

  2. During Egypt’s Middle Kingdom period (about 2080 – 1640 B.C.E.), trade with Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley enriched Egypt.

  3. Meanwhile, up the Nile river, less than 600 miles south of the Egyptian city of Thebes, a major kingdom had developed in the region of Nubia. Nubia was located in northeastern Africa

  4. For centuries, the Nubian kingdom of Kushtraded with Egypt. The two kingdoms influenced each other.

  5. After the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt descended into war and violence. This was caused by a succession of weak pharaohs and power struggles among rival nobles.

  6. The New Kingdom of Egypt The weakened country fell to invaders were nomads called Hyksos, ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.

  7. The Hyksos invasion shook the Egyptians’ confidence in the desert barriers that had protected their kingdom.

  8. The Egyptians were forced to retreat south as the Hyksos took control of Lower Egypt. The Egyptians were forced to pay tribute to the Hyksos.

  9. Around 1600 B.C., a series of warlike rulers began to restore Egypt’s power. Then they began some conquests of their own.

  10. Hyksos Egyptians • The Egyptians were sandwiched between two hostile enemies. They had the Hyksos to the north and the Nubians to the south. Nubians

  11. The Egyptians pharaoh, Seqenenre Tao II(the Brave)decided to go after the Nubians first. Once he defeated them, he would turn his sites on Lower Egypt and the Hyksos.

  12. By the way- his wife was also his sister! EWWWW! • While fighting the Hyksos,Seqenenre Tao II was killed. His wife, Queen Ahhotep (ah HOH tehp) rallied the troops and maintained the pressure on the Hyksos to help drive them out of Egypt.

  13. One of Ahhotep’s sons, Ahmosedrove the Hyksos completely out of Egypt and pursued them across the Sinai Peninsula into Canaan.

  14. Dagger that bore the name of Ahmose I

  15. After overthrowing the Hyksos rulers, the pharaohs of theNew Kingdom (about 1570 – 1075 B.C.) sought tostrengthen Egypt by building an Empire. Egypt now entered its third period of glory in the New Kingdom. • During this time Egypt became wealthier and more powerful than ever before.

  16. Equipped with bronze weapons and two wheeled chariots, the Egyptians became conquerors. The pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty (1570 – 1365 B.C.) set up an army.

  17. This army included archers, charioteers, and infantry (Latin for foot), or foot soldiers. • As the army began conquering its enemies, they counted how many people they killed by counting their hands.

  18. The symbols of royal power had always been the red crown and the white crown. Now the pharaohs added a new piece of royal headgear – the blue crown, a war crown shaped like a battle helmet.

  19. Among the rulers of the New Kingdom was Hatshepsut (hat SHEHP soot), she boldly declared herself pharaoh around 1472 B.C., This was unique. She took over because her stepson, the male heir to the throne, was a young child at the time.

  20. Unlike other New Kingdom rulers, Hatshepsut spent her reign encouraging trade rather than just waging war. Hatshepsut was an excellent ruler of outstanding achievement who made Egypt more prosperous.

  21. As pharaoh, she sent traders down the Red Sea to bring back gold, ebony, baboons, and myrrh trees. As male pharaohs had done, Hatshepsut planned a tomb for herself in the Valley of the Kings.

  22. Carved reliefs on the walls of the temple reveal the glories of her reign. The inscription from Hatshepsut’s obelisk (tall stone shaft) at Karnak trumpets her glory and her feeling about herself:

  23. “I swear as Ra loves me, as my father Amon favors me, as my nostrils are filled with satisfying life, as I wear the white crown, as I appear in the red crown, …as I rule this land like the son of Isis…”

  24. Hatshepsut’s stepson, Thutmose III, proved to be a much more warlike ruler. In fact, in his eagerness to ascend to the throne, Thutmose III may even have murderedhis stepmother,Hatshepsut.

  25. Between the time he took power and his death around 1425 B.C., Thutmose III led a number of victorious invasions into Palestine and Syria. Under Thutmose’s rule, Egyptian armies also pushed farther south into Nubia, a region of Africa that straddled the upper Nile River.

  26. From the Blue Nile, the southern boundary of Nubia, to the shores of the Mediterranean was a distance of approximately 1,000 miles. From Nubia, Egyptian soldiers returned carrying gold, cattle, ivory, and many captives whom they enslaved.

  27. Egypt was now a mighty empire. It controlled lands around the Nile and far beyond. In addition, it drew boundless wealth from them.

  28. Contact with other cultures brought Egypt new ideas as wall as material goods. Egypt had never before, nor has it since, commanded such power and wealth as during the reigns of the New Kingdom pharaohs.

  29. The Hittites(from Anatolia) had moved into Asia Minor around 1900 B.C. and later expanded southward.

  30. After several battles, the Egyptian and Hittite armiesmet at theBattle of Qadesh around 1285 B.C. There the two armiesfought each other to a standstill.

  31. The pharaoh, Ramses II (RAM seez), and a Hittite king later made a treaty that promised “peace and brotherhood between us forever”. Their alliance lasted for the rest of the century.

  32. Ramses II reign lasted for 67 years.Egyptians would see him as one of their greatest kings.

  33. The Age of Builders Like the Old Kingdom with its towering Pyramids, rulers of the New Kingdom erected magnificent palaces, temples, and tombs. In search of security in the afterlife, they hid their splendid tombs beneath desert cliffs.

  34. In this way, the tombs of the pharaohs would not be plundered by grave robbers and looters. The site they chose was the remote Valley of the Kings near Thebes.

  35. Beside royal tombs, the pharaohs of this period also built great palaces and magnificent temples. Indeed, the word pharaohmeans “great house” and comes from this time period.The word became a royal title.

  36. Ramses II, whose reign extended from approximately 1290 to 1224 B.C., stood out among the great builders of the New Kingdom. He lived to the age of 99 and was the father of 150 children.

  37. At Karnak, he added to a monumental temple to Amon (AH muhn), Egypt’s chief god.

  38. Ramses also ordered a temple to be carved into the red sandstone cliffs above the Nile River at Abu Simbel (AH boo SIHM buhl).

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