Warm Up

1. Warm Up

2. Life Substances Biomolecules Macromolecules Or…major organic compounds

3. Carbohydrates

4. sucrose Carbohydrates • Function: • quick energy • energy storage (short term) • structure • Ex. cell wall in plants • Examples • sugars • starches • cellulose (cell wall) glucoseC6H12O6 starch

5. Carbohydrates are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) are made by plants (autotrophs) are the body’s primary source of energy come in two basic forms:monomers and polymers are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

6. C CH2OH C C O H H H C C H OH OH OH H OH Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Other monosaccharides:fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). C6 H12 O6 Note the ring shape of the molecule.

7. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH glucose sucrose fructose C6H12O6 maltose -ose • Names for sugars usually end in • glucose • fructose • sucrose • maltose

8. Building carbohydrates • Synthesis 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

9. CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH O O O H H H H H H H H H H H H OH OH OH C C C O OH OH O C C C C C C H H OH OH H OH C C C C C C Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. are common sources of complex carbs: Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) . Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides.

10. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

11. Cellulose • Cell walls in plants • herbivores can digest cellulose well • most carnivores cannot digest cellulose • that’s why they eat meatto get their nutrients • cellulose = roughage • stays undigested • keeps material moving in your intestines

12. Lipids: Fats & Oils

13. Lipids • Examples • fats • oils • waxes • hormones • sex hormones • testosterone (male) • estrogen (female)

14. Lipids • Function: a. energy storage (long term) • very concentrated • twice the energy as carbohydrates! b. cell membrane c. cushions organs d. insulates body • think whale blubber!

15. Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

16. H H H C C C H O O O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O H C O H H Lipids Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape made up of glycerol and fatty acids

17. Other lipids in biology C. Cell membranes are made out of lipids a. phospholipids b. heads are on the outside touching water • “like” water c. tails are on inside away from water • “scared” of water d. forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

18. Proteins: Multipurpose molecules

19. insulin pepsin collagen (skin) Proteins Examples • muscle • skin, hair, fingernails, claws • collagen, keratin • pepsin • digestive enzyme in stomach • insulin • hormone that controls blood sugar levels

20. Proteins • Function: • many, many functions a. hormones • signals from one body system to another • insulin b. movement - muscle c. immune system - protect against germs d. enzymes - help speed up chemical reactions

21. H | —C— | H amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid – – – – C—OH —N— O || H Proteins • Monomer = amino acids • 20 different amino acids There’s20 of us… like 20 differentletters in analphabet!Can make lots of differentwords variable group

22. H H H H H H O O O N N N C C C C C C H H H OH OH OH R H C H OH H C H H Proteins are made up of anaminogroup a carboxyl group and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids Serine Alanine

23. amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid Amino acid chains • Proteins • amino acids chained into a polymer • Each amino acid is different • some “like” water & dissolve in it • some “fear” water & separate from it

24. collagen For proteins: SHAPE matters! a. Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape • that’s what happens in the cell! b. Different shapes = different jobs growthhormone hemoglobin pepsin

25. It’s SHAPE that matters! • Proteins do their jobs, because of their shape • Unfolding a protein destroys its shape a. wrong shape = can’t do its job (lose function)_ b. unfolding proteins = “denature” • By high temperatures or extreme pH unfolded“denatured” In Biology, it’s not the size, it’s the SHAPEthat matters! folded

26. Nucleic acids: Information molecules

27. Nucleic Acids Examples • DNA • DeoxyriboNucleic Acid • RNA • RiboNucleic Acid RNA

28. proteins DNA Nucleic Acids • Function: a. stores genetic information 1. genes 2. blueprint for building proteins - DNA  RNA  proteins b. transfers information 1. blueprint for new cells 2. blueprint for next generation

29. T G A C T A C A G G A T C Genes (DNA)are needed to run bodies every day… to make you and me…to make new cells… to make babies!

30. phosphate N base sugar Nucleic acids nucleotides • Monomer = nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide • 5 different nucleotides • Different 5 nitrogen bases • A, T, C, G, U Nitrogen BasesI’m the A,T,C,G or Upart!

31. sugar sugar sugar sugar N base N base N base N base phosphate phosphate phosphate phosphate Nucleotide chains • Nucleic acids • nucleotides chained into a polymer a. DNA 1. double-sided 2. double helix 3. A, T, C, G b. RNA 1. single-sided 2. A, U, C, G strong bonds RNA