Ethics and The Professional

1. Ethics and The Professional Unit Eight

2. Welcome! • Any questions?

3. Demonstration Project • Write a 1 -2 page double-spaced position-paper in which you: • Clearly and concisely set forth your group's position on the issue; • Analyze the supporting materials you located in your research, demonstrating how they support or refute your group's position on the issue. You are required to locate at least five (5) sources. If you find sources that refute your group's position, be sure to explain how your group would counter the arguments presented in the source.

4. Demonstration Project Grading Rubric • Student clearly communicated his or her group's position on the issue. Student analyzed his or her research of five or more sources and demonstrated how they support or refute the group's position on the issue. • Technically flawless, mechanically and grammatically correct. Organization and structure of the paper are clear and easy to follow. Logical flow of ideas. Variety of sentence length and structure. Language rich, precise, and vivid.

5. Final Project • Keep working! • Final draft due by the end of unit nine.

6. Final Project Rubric • Through his or her research, the student identified and analyzed common themes and critical issues related to the chosen research topic. • The student then synthesized his or her research completely by proposing recommendations for improvements to practice and hypothesizing impacts to the profession. • Technically flawless, mechanically and grammatically correct. Organization and structure of the paper are clear and easy to follow. Logical flow of ideas. Variety of sentence length and structure. Language rich, precise, and vivid.

7. Practicum • Tonight is our practicum. • Pros will go first with their presentation, followed by the cons. • We will then have a debate.

8. Ethics and Human Cloning The New Frontier in Genetic Medicine Advancing the Miracle of Life

9. Introduction, Definition and History • Few issues in medicine today arouse as much passion as the issues in reproductive medicine, especially the issue of Human Cloning. • The fears associated with cloning are similar and often identical to the fears that have surfaced with each new scientific advancement or discovery. These fears have mainly been fears of the “unknown” based in old ethical standards of what is right and what is wrong. Once the unknown becomes known the fears subside. • Advancements in reproductive technologies have helped advance the health of babies and mothers and have saved countless lives that would have once been lost. Modern advances have enabled many, many couples to have and love a child that they otherwise would not have had. The opportunities to cure disease seem endless. • Human Cloning is simply the newest frontier of Human Life Advancement!

10. Introduction Cont. – What is Cloning? • In its simplest form cloning is simply research or activity that works to create a genetic copy of some biological form, whether plant, animal or even a single cell. • Manipulating of life is not new. There has long been the science of cross breeding of animals and plants resulting in many new species and forms of life. • In medicine the ability to transplant organs from human or animal to another has saved many lives. Physicians can also take tissue from one part of the body and use it in another. Saving yet more lives. • Cloning has been around in science fiction for a long time. Long before the actual science began to exist. What makes cloning unique is that cloning is about duplicating life where previous advances have been more concerned with extending it. This could be considered a gift from God for us to use for good purpose.

11. Introduction Cont. – History of Cloning • Cloning Research and Experimentation began in the early 1950’s with cloning of non-mammal forms of life. • In 1968 the Genetic Code of Human DNA was unlocked opening the door for the science of Human Genetics to advance. • In 1994 Switzerland and the United States were credited with the first cloning of mammals (mice) followed quickly by the cloning of Dolly the Sheep in 1997. • The rapid advance of this science created a strong public reaction and has led to a ban on experimentation to fully clone a human being. A time out was needed. Research continues to advance, especially within the field of stem cell research which potentially holds the key for the cure of many of our worst diseases and genetic malformations.

12. Practical Benefits of Human Cloning Part 1 – Reproductive Cloning • Childless couples could produce a genetically matched child and heir, maintaining their own genetic characteristics. • Unmarried persons could produce a genetic relative without using donors or risking a bad relationship. • Special physical, intellectual or personality traits of a loved one or great contributor to society could be maintained. • Parents could save a dying child and/or create a genetic twin. Any genetically cloned twin would grow to be their own unique person and not a carbon copy of the person cloned. • Our nation could maintain itself as the leader of innovative medical technologies. • Potentially provide a way to preserve and continue the human race should some type of disaster occur. • Research should be allowed to proceed with ethical regulation and respect for human life.

13. Practical Benefits of Human Cloning Part 2 - Therapeutic Cloning • Therapeutic or rehabilitative cloning is the most immediately available and beneficial form of cloning. That being the cloning of specific tissue for specific purposes rather than a whole human. • Therapeutic cloning deals with the production of embryonic or adult stem cells to create tissue that can be used to treat diseased or injured tissues. The possibilities are endless as stem cells can be developed to form a specific type of cell. Cloned embryos may prove to be much more useful in research than leftover embryos from fertility clinics. • May be useful in the treatment of diseases like Parkinson’s, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, stroke, heart disease, multiple sclerosis, blood, bone and bone marrow ailments, organ transplants and cancer. • May also be helpful in severe burns where skin can be reproduced or in spinal cord injuries as a way to prevent or treat paralysis.

14. Practical Benefits of Human Cloning Therapeutic Cloning and Cancer • One of the greatest potential benefits of Human Cloning Technology is the benefit to cancer victims • Ground breaking research is ongoing in the field of Cancer treatment, unfortunately many of the new drugs that are developed may damage or kill the patient before they can kill the cancer. Cloning of healthy cells and tissue can help solve that problem. • Cloning healthy cells and reintroducing them into cancerous tissue has produced amazing results and in some cases, even full remission. • In June of this year, Doctor Yee and his associates from the Clinical Research Division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle removed CD4+ T-cells, a type of white blood cell, from a 52-year-old man whose melanoma had spread to a groin lymph node and to one of his lungs. Two months later the cancer was gone. • Imagine the possibilities of cloning human parts to make CD4 T-cells to cure cancer, the human body is the best cancer fighter there is.

15. Practical Benefits of Human Cloning Therapeutic Cloning and Organ Tissue • If organs could be generated from cloned human embryos, the need for organ donations and deaths from lack of matching donors could be significantly reduced. • Stem cells may one day be used to generate organs thereby creating perfect matches for those waiting for transplants- with no or low risk of rejection. • If more organs became available it could enable all in need of transplant to receive service with less regard for ability to pay. • Cloning of organ tissue may enable the repair of damaged organs without the need for the dangerous transplant surgery. • Cloned animals may be useful in medicine as well. Cloned animals can be genetically engineered to produce drugs or proteins for use in medicine or to create antibodies.

16. The Moral Rightness of CloningThe “Golden Rule” • “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” “Don’t do unto others what you don’t want them to do unto you.” • Would I want the right to take advantage of all possible ways of curing cancer? Replace a damaged organ? Continue my family line? Absolutely, so why would I have any ethical right to deny those choices to others? • The “Golden Rule” strives to encourage and advance what is good while excluding harm and evil. • Is Human Cloning “playing God” or is it using the gift of knowledge that God has given to advance life? Cloning does not create life out of nothing. It uses a living cell and causes it to duplicate itself. These cells can then duplicate and develop to become human tissue needed to save lives. • It would be unethical not to pursue every avenue to heal and save lives. God is Life and all life has value and meaning.

17. The Moral Rightness of CloningReligious Ethics • It is a deep truth that all things and all life come from God and it is up to us to decide whether to use God’s gifts for good or evil purposes. In other words many, if not all, of God’s gifts can be used to advance life or they can be used to damage or destroy it. • Knowledge itself is neither good nor bad. It is what is done with that knowledge that matters. • Science is a gift of God given that we might learn about this universe and about ourselves. Medical science is certainly no exception. The Hippocratic Oath states that Physicians are to dedicate themselves to advancing life and not to use their gifts to do harm. • Cloning is God-given knowledge that is simply a gift from God to be used for good purposes to the glory of God. • All technologies and discoveries were new once and have been used for good and bad purposes. Nuclear technology for instance can be used to make bombs or to create clean electricity. The challenge is to use all gifts for good and not evil purposes.

18. The Moral Rightness of CloningA Free Choice of Free People • People have a collective right to shape their own futures and make their own decisions. As it states in The Declaration of Independence: People “are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” • People have a collective right to a sound mind and body when possible. If cloning of human tissue and the use of stem cells can result in the enhancement of life and treatment of injury or disease people have a right to choose that. • Human life is better when free choice is valued and respected. It is an American principle that we are free to chart our own course without unnecessary government interference. Cloning research should continue and its positive benefits be made available to all. • Banning research into the unlimited possibilities of genetic medicine and human cloning denies people the basic human right of free choice. As long as that choice does not harm or impede the freedom of others it should be allowed.

19. The Moral Rightness of CloningImmanuel Kant • In Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant writes, “Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good without qualification, except a good will.” • Kant would not consider the morality of cloning from the clone’s perspective as the clone is just a thought or an idea. A categorical imperative cannot apply to an idea, only to living, breathing and thinking persons. As such there would be no problem with cloning research using stem cells or embryos. The same with therapeutic treatments based on cloning. • If human cloning were done out of “good will” or with good moral purpose then perhaps it would be acceptable. The motives matter completely. A “good will” motive can be universalized and be acceptable. What is good for one must be good for all. Certainly the therapeutic benefits and potential of human cloning can evolve from motives and produce results of “good will” that can benefit all people.

20. The Moral Rightness of CloningThe Utilitarian View • In the Utilitarian philosophy consequences matter and determine whether something is ethically right. What produces the greatest good, with good being defined as overall happiness, is what matters. • A utilitarian would employ a cost-benefit analysis of the good to be gained and what will be lost or harmed in the process. If human cloning could benefit couples seeking to produce a child while reducing the need for aborting or disposing of unwanted embryos and fetuses then cloning would be acceptable and moral. • A utilitarian would also support the research and therapeutic treatment options involving cloning as the overall benefits to the health and welfare of society would be great.

21. The Moral Rightness of CloningThe Egoists • As with the utilitarian view the consequences matter except that for the Egoist it is the consequences to self that matter. What is best for me? It is the egoists own freedom of choice to choose what is the best option for herself self that is morally correct. • By itself this viewpoint can be used to justify most anything unless it is viewed in concert with other understandings and societal benefits. • An egoist might want to clone himself out of conceit or a narcissist might want to clone herself out of a desire to watch and relive their youth, looking at themselves all the time. Or an egoist might be the last of the family line and want to clone herself in order to not lose her genetic heritage. An egoist would also surely want the ability to have all options available to treat a disease or injury to himself. • The Egoist point of view is very much in concert with the libertarian idea that each of us is free to determine the path of our own lives and make our own choices to the extent possible without interfering with the freedom of others to live their lives.

22. Conclusion Human Cloning is morally and ethically right when: • It is the right choice for the people involved. (egoist) • It produces technological benefits that enhance the overall happiness of society. (utilitarian) • It is done with good will or purpose. (Kant) • It is understood to be a gift to be used for good and never for evil. (spiritual) • Human cloning can meet all these tests when used for the benefit of all.

23. ConclusionContinued • Therapeutic treatments using the cloning of human tissue should proceed with speed as the potential benefits in medical treatment are nearly unlimited. • Stem cells and human embryos should be usable in treatment and research as long as care and respect for life is demonstrated. • Research in the cloning of actual human beings should continue but experimentation should be limited to the cellular or embryonic levels until the technology is safe, ready and society is prepared. • Society needs to have a conversation about what defines “good will” as it will need to set the laws, regulations and guidelines under which cloning technologies may be used, but without unduly restricting the basic liberty of choice belonging to all people.

24. And Finally….(In Jest) A recent and totally unscientific study found the following in response to the question of whether cloning should be allowed. The results were unanimous! • One could go to work while the clone stayed home and did all the housework! • One could stay home and play while the clone went to work!! • Another would bring the clone to work too so that they, together, could actually get all the work done!!! • I say let the clone go to work while I go on a cruise! • Who could argue with benefits like these!!!!

25. References • Agar, Nicholas. (2006). Action Bioscience. “Designer Babies: Ethical Considerations.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/agar.html • All About Popular Issues. (2002). “History of Cloning.” Retrieved Dec 2010. http:www.allaboutpopularissues.org/history-of-cloning-faq.htm • Andorno, R. (2009). Human Dignity and Human Rights as a Common Ground for a Global Bioethics. Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 34(3), 223-240. doi:10.1093/jmp/jhp023 • Arras, J., & Fenton, E. (2009). Bioethics & Human Rights. Hastings Center Report, 39(5), 27-38. Retrieved Dec. 2010 from Academic Search Premier database. • Associatedcontent. (2007). “Facts and Figures About Parkinson Disease.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/359115/facts_and_figures_about_parkinsons.html?Cat=70 • BBC News. (2006). “Concern Over 'Spare Part” Babies.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4663396.stm • Breitbart. (2010). “U.S. Doctors Kill Cancer with Cloned T-cells.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=08061821271138ht6zq0 • Cloning Facts and Fallacies. (n.d.) “Clones Aren't Exact Copies.” Retrieved 4 Jan. 2011. http://afgen.com/cloning.html •  Colvin, J. (2000). “Me, My Clone, and I (Or in Defense of Human Clining.” Retrieved 27 Dec. 2010. http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_kennedy_writdisc_5/11/2959/757709.cw/index.html • Flynn, Sarah. (2010). eHow. “Introduction to Cloning.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.ehow.com/facts_5380668_introduction-cloning.html#ixzz195A8WmKz • Genomics.energy.com. (2010). Human Genome Project Information. “Cloning Fact Sheet.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml • Globalchange.com. (2003). “The Future of Human Cloning - Ethics - Progress – Politics – Videos.” Retrieved 16 Dec. 2010. http://www.globalchange.com/clonech.html

26. ReferencesContinued • Hall, L. (2010). A Classical-Liberal Response to the Crisis of Bioethics. IndependentReview, 15(1), 53-70. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. • Harris, John. (1997). “'Goodbye Dolly?' The Ethics of Human Cloning.” Retrieved Jan. 2011. http://www.clevelandclinic.org/civiceducation/pdf/Session9.pdf • Kant, Immanuel. (1785). “Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals.” Retrieved 26 Dec. 2010. http://philosophy.eserver.org/kant/metaphys-of-morals.txt • Keele, Lisa. (2008). “The Utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill. Ethics and the Greatest Happiness Principle.” Retrieved 27 Dec. 2010. http://www.suite101.com/content/the-utilitarianism-of-John-stuart-mill-a63950 • Kjos, Kari. (2009). “Savior Siblings: A Case Study Based on My Sister's Keeper.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.scu.edu/ethics-center/cases/my-sisters-keeper.cfm • Learn.Genetics. (2010). The University of Utah. “Why Clone.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/whyclone/ • Library Index. (2010). “Cloning – Therapeutic Cloning,” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/2264/Cloning-THERAPEUTIC-CLONING.html • McGee, G. (2001). Actionbioscience.org. “Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning.” Retrieved 1 Dec.2010. http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/mcgee.html • McGee, Glenn. (2004). The Human Cloning Debate. Albany, CA: Berkeley Hills Books. • Naik, Abhijit. (2010). Buzzle.com. “Cloning: History of Human Cloning.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/cloning-history-of-human-cloning.html • National Human Genome Research Institute. (2010). “Cloning.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://wwwlgenome.gov/25020028 • ORACLE ThinkQuest Education Foundation. (nd). “The Advantages of Cloning.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://library.thinkquest.org/C0122429/ethics/advantages.htm

27. ReferencesContinued • Pence, G. E. (1998). Who's Afraid of Human Cloning. Lanharn, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.  • Sabatello, M. (2009). The Politics of the Child's Right to Identity in a Disability-Free Society. International Journal of Children's Rights, 17(2), 177-206. doi:10.1163/157181808X312131.  • Sample, Ian. (2008). “Cloned Immune Cells Cleared Patient's Cancer.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/jun/19/cancer.science.  • Santa Clara University. (2001). Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. “The Ethics of Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/cloning.html • Science and Religion Information Service. (2001). Science Blog. “Theologians Oppose Human Cloning but Warn of Dangers of a Ban.” Retrieved 3 Jan. 2011. http://scienceblog.com/community/older/2001/D/200114187.html • Shaw, William H. and Vincent Barry. (2010). Moral Issues in Business. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. • Smith, Simon. (2002). Human Cloning Foundation. “The Benefits of Human Cloning.” Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.humancloning.org/benefits.php • UNESCO. (2005). United Nations. Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. Retrieved 23 Dec. 2010. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=31058&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL •  Voice of America. (1997). Cloning: Facts and Fallacies. “Theology and Cloning.” Retrieved 2 Jan. 2011. http://afgen.com/clon21.html • Wilkinson, D. (2006). CTRF Abstract. “The Gift of Science: A Theological Perspective.” Retrieved 1 Jan. 2011. http://www2.luthersem.edu/ctrf/Papers/2006_Wilkinson_abstsract.html • Yanmi. (2009). Articlesbase. “Should Human Cloning be Legal?” Articlesbase. Retrieved Dec. 2010. http://www.articlesbase.com/philosophy-articles/should-human-cloning-be-legal-101332

28. Group B Cons of Human Cloning Melissa Jusino, Tiroui Melkonian, Mindy Merrill, Irina Mezhibovsky, Amanda Pardini, Kendra Ray, Alycia Stewart, Amanda Touvell, Tiesha Wiley-Hicks, Royce Woods, Teri MacLean

29. What is Human Cloning? • In basic terms, human cloning is the artificial process of creating a genetic twin of another human being. • Through this process, anyone can become the parent of their own twin sibling or anyone else’s twin. • Sound unnatural? That’s because it is. • In addition to being unethical, human cloning poses health risks and has medical disadvantages.

30. Critics of human cloning have argued the fact that cloning encourages parents to genetically engineer children to meet their expectations and not love them simply because they are their children and individuals. • With cloning our society will begin to see children as objects not as human beings with feelings. • If cloning becomes a reality and a social practice parents who would like to naturally conceive a child will be looked at as outcast and so will the children who are born naturally not scientifically.

31. The concentration on Human Cloning is a waste of societies scarce resources and should be used to address more pressing issues such as curing diseases. • Human Cloning can reduce the efforts of human bonding as done when a man and woman court and have children naturally.

32. History of Cloning • The possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created sheep "Dolly“. This created a worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. • There are three types of cloning technologies: • recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning • reproductive cloning • therapeutic cloning • Scientists have been cloning animals for many years. In 1952, the first animal, a tadpole, was cloned. Before the creation of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal, clones were created from embryonic cells.

33. History of Cloning • Dolly, researchers have cloned a number of large and small animals including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur. • Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. • More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. • In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders.

34. Medical Disadvantages to Human Cloning • Human cloning lessens the diversity in genes. Diverse genes are critical in a human’s ability to adapt, fight off disease and evolve. Diversity of genetic makeup is crucial to survival of the human race. • Attempts at Human Cloning will result in may deaths of embryos and newborns before any success is achieved. This can be seen in the case of Dolly where the experiment started with 277 fused eggs. Only 29 became embryos and were transferred to 13 sheep. Only one became pregnant with Dolly. • Even in the rare case of successful cloning, doctors do not know the long term outcome on the products of these experiments on human beings. There is high probability of genetic damage leading to the potential of damaging the entire human race.

35. Playing God: Religious stance against human cloning • Most religious thinkers who recommend public policies on cloning humans propose either a ban or restrictive regulation (Dudley, 61) • Several different religious traditions in the U.S. say they are uncomfortable with the idea of human cloning and are in total opposition.

36. Religious Viewpoints • Roman Catholics and Southern Baptist • cloning is "considered contrary to the moral law, since (it is in) opposition to the dignity both of human procreation and of the conjugal union.“ • Buddhism • might be willing to accept cloning, because it represents a leap in modern science and self-understanding that could be considered a path to enlightenment. On the other hand, the Eightfold Path prohibits harm to any sentient beings, which could be seen in the destruction of cells necessary to perform cloning research. • Buddhism promotes ultimate respect to every sentient being, and that generally includes cells born out of research. Destroying such cells, even in research on animal cloning, runs contrary to Buddhist teaching.

37. Arguments made by religious believers • "Creating human life is God's job, and His alone" • "Human cloning is going too far and trying to take God's place in our creation." • "Only God has the power to create a living creature, and for man to 'create' life is blasphemous.“ • "The Bible tells us that 'it is He who made us and we are his' (Psalm 100), and I do not believe we have been given any permission to compete or override God's act of creation.“ • cloning is an atheistic denial of religious faith: "Human cloning is man trying to take on the role of God and is an attempt to deny that God exists (despite the wonderful evidence of creation)."

38. Cloning Attitudes by Denomination (percent agree) http://jetpress.org/volume13/bainbridge.html

39. What is Stem Cell Research • “A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues” • Possibly used for: • Assist in tissue/ organ/ defective cell repair and replacement • Genetic therapy delivery • Assist with chemotherapy agents

40. How it Happens • A similar process is used for most uses of stem cells • Nucleus is removed • Put in a donor egg • Stimulated to divide • Embryonic stem cells removed and used

41. Stem Cell vs. Human Cloning • Embryonic stem cells are isolated by destroying embryos • Life begins at conception: oocyte and sperm form the zygote /embryo • If an embryo is not a person, who else is on the list? • Coma patients • Elderly • People with degenerative disorders • People with mental deficiencies

42. What is Stem Cell Research • “A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues” • Possibly used for: • Assist in tissue/ organ/ defective cell repair and replacement • Genetic therapy delivery • Assist with chemotherapy agents

43. Stem Cell vs. Human Cloning • Cloning and stem cell use are closely linked • There have been new advances in stem cell research • Use stem cells from already dead embryos • Extract stem cells from blastomeres, a procedure used in IVF • Altered nuclear transfer • Embryonic stem cells could be obtain after miscarriage and abortion (spontaneous or intentional) • Stem cells could be used in place of embryonic stem cells, its less controversial • Bone Marrow • Cord Blood

44. Stem Cell vs. Human Cloning • Stem cells normally used to repair and recreate cells • Stem cells can be used in cloning as well • Cloning is a nucleus replaced by another living being’s nucleus which contains most of the genetic material when fertilized it becomes an embryo • An embryonic stem cell can be used for stem cell research, and then transplanted with the genetic material creating a clone or a twin • http://recomparison.com/comparisons/100507/cloning-vs-stem-cell-research-who-benefits/

45. Kant’s Categorical Imperative • Cloning Designs People To The Liking Of The Designers Without The Clones Permissions. • We Should Not Expend Humans to Save Other Human’s. • Difference Between Having A Child and Making A Child • Takes Nature Out Of The Equation When Creating Humans.

46. Utilitarianism • By definition, utilitarianism is the moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions. The good in utilitarianism is the basis of understanding happiness and/or pleasure. The doctrine of utilitarianism is based on utility. The founder of utilitarianism is Jeremy Bentham, an English professor and it was defended best by John Stuart Mill.

47. Utilitarian View of Human Cloning • Applying utilitarianism to the issue of human cloning is relatively simple. In today’s society human cloning is unacceptable, immoral, and unethical. With the existence of human cloning, it appears that both scientists and doctors are trying to turn life into a scientific procedure. God is our creator and not man, so why should man have the right to duplicate a human being? Ultimately the rationale of the advocates is that the existence of cloning will allow for curing of diseases, transplants, etc. But, the utilitarian question is what is the good and happiness of this action? Who does it benefit? Regardless of the specific justification is still immoral, and should be banned. If one allows cloning to occur, eventually cloning will take over the universe. It is our belief that creation should be left in the hands of the Creator.

48. Definition of Golden Rule • Golden Rule is defined in the case as: • Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. • Do not do unto another what you would not wish them to do unto you. (Shaw & Barry, 2009, p12 • Consistency principle • “If you think that it is morally permissible to do a certain act to another, then you must consent to it being done unto you” (The Ethics of Sales, Thomas L. Carson, Shaw & Barry, p 341)

49. Cloning and the Golden Rule • Cloning creates a living human organism with the potential (one of the ultimate goals of cloning) which would deserve the same right as we would want for ourselves. • Even though some argue that human therapeutic cloning doesn’t create a whole human being, if it is determined that a blastocyst stage of approx 8 cells is an embryo instead of an activated cell the previous statement is reinforced. • At this time (2001), it is understood that therapeutic cloning includes what some consider as disposing of the unused cloned material as killing. • (The Ethical Considerations By Ronald M. Green | Scientific American, November 24, 2001 | 0)

50. Golden Rule • Golden Rule consistency principle would support the right of any one to know if their tissue is being cloned, if we hold that we should know if our tissue is being used to create cloned material. • Therefore, given the tendency for competition, there is a potential slippery slope issue “that could lead to the scavenging of organs from adults without their consent”(Ibid).