Chemical Engineering’s Paradigms

1. Chemical Engineering’sParadigms PengenalanTeknologiIndustri Program StudiTeknik Kimia FTI - ITB

2. Paradigm: a pattern or model Paradigm is a constellation that defines a profession and an intellectual discipline PengenalanTeknologiIndustri

3. Chemical engineering paradigms 0.Pre-paradigm - engineers with no formal education 1. The first paradigm - Unit Operations, 1923 2. The second paradigm - Transport Phenomena, 1960 3. The third paradigm - ? PengenalanTeknologiIndustri

4. Pre-paradigm • Fire (300,000 BC) as the first chemical technology • Led to pyro-technologies: cooking, pottery, metallurgy, glass, reaction engineering • Chemical technology as empirical art, with no reliable scientific foundation or formally educated engineers. • Ecole des Ponts et Chausee, 1736, first modern engineering school. PengenalanTeknologiIndustri

5. The first paradigm • Arthur D. Little, industrialist and chair of visiting committee of chemical engineering at MIT, wrote report in 1908 “Unit Operations should be the foundation of chemical engineering” • First textbook Walker-Lewis-McAdams “Principles of Chemical Engineering” 1923 Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

6. The first paradigm: early success • Became • core of chemical engineering curriculum: unit operations, stoichiometry, thermodynamics • principle to organize useful knowledge • inspiration for research to fill in the gaps in knowledge • Effective in problem solving • graduates have a toolbox to solve processing problems in oil distillation, petrochemical, new polymers PengenalanTeknologiIndustri

7. Unit operations The "unit operations" concept had been latent in the chemical engineering profession ever since George Davis had organized his original 12 lectures around the topic. But, it was Arthur Little who first recognized the potential of using “Unit Operations" to separate chemical engineering from other professions While mechanical engineers focused on machinery, and industrial chemists concerned themselves with products, and applied chemists studied individual reactions, no one, before chemical engineers, had concentrated upon the underlying processes common to all chemical products, reactions, and machinery. Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

8. Unit operations In transforming matter from inexpensive raw materials to highly desired products, chemical engineers became very familiar with the physical and chemical operationsnecessary in this metamorphosis. Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

9. Filtration Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

10. Drying Vacuum Dryer Rotary Dryer Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

11. Distillation Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

12. Extraction Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

13. Absorption - Desorption Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

14. Crystallization Crystallization tank Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

15. Grinding Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

16. Sedimentation Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

17. Combustion Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

18. Reaction Fluid Catalytic Cracking Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

19. Heat Exchange Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

20. Coating Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

21. The first paradigm: later stagnation World War II creation of new technologies by scientists without engineering education: atomic bomb, radar. Engineering students needed to master new concepts and tools in chemistry and physics. Unit Operations no longer created streams of exciting new research problems that were challenging to professors and students, and useful in industry. Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

22. The second paradigm • First textbook “Transport Phenomena” by Bird-Stewart-Lightfoot, 1960, based on kinetic theory of gases Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

23. The second paradigm • Textbook by Amundson “Mathematical Methods in Chemical Engineering”, (1966). • A new burst of creative research activities. • American chemical industry dominated world, DuPont and Exxon content to recruit academically educated graduates, willing to teach them technology. Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

24. The second paradigm: early success The Engineering Science movement became dominant in the US, and was taught at all the leading universities. AIChE accreditation requires differential equations, transport phenomena. Research funding agencies and journals turn their backs on empirical and qualitative research as “old fashioned”. Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

25. Chemical Engineering: New Directions? Phasing out of formerly successful products: tetra-ethyl lead, DDT, cellophane, freon or CFC. End of the parade of new polymers: celluloid, bakelite, nylon, kevlar. To attract the best students, the lure of new products to enhance lives - laptop computers, cellular phone and internet. Cost-cutting and environmental protection is no match for glamorous new products. We need to give chemical engineers the intellectual toolbox, to innovate exciting new products that people will learn to love. Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

26. Product Engineering: a third paradigm? • Product engineering is innovation and design of useful products that people want. • Core of creative engineering: • Define a product, study the customers & needs • Understand property-structure • Design and innovate the product PengenalanTeknologiIndustri

27. Chemical Engineering accomplishments Production of Synthetic Ammonia and Fertilizers, Production of petrochemicals, Commercial-scale production of antibiotics (biotechnology/ pharmaceuticals), Establishment of the plastics industry, Establishment of the synthetic fiber industry, Establishment of the synthetic rubber industry, Electrolytic production of Aluminum, Energy production and the development of new sources of energy, PengenalanTeknologiIndustri

28. Chemical Engineering accomplishments (contd) Production of fissionable isotopes, Production of IT products (storage devices, microelectronics, ultraclean environment), Artificial organs and biomedical devices, Food processing, Process Simulation tools, Environmental control, Membrane technology, New material based on nano technology. Pengenalan Teknologi Industri

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