Download
1 / 38
380 likes | 614 Views
Z Schemas. Chapter 7 Formal Specification using Z Example of Z specification Document. Schemas. A specification document in Z consists of narrative text interspersed with formal Z notation called schemas. S _________ a,b: N ________ a < b __________
E N D
Z Schemas Chapter 7 Formal Specification using Z Example of Z specification Document
Schemas • A specification document in Z consists of narrative text interspersed with formal Z notation called schemas. S_________ a,b: N ________ a < b __________ • This schema is called S and it declares two variables a and b. It contains a constraining predicate which states that a must be less than b.
Schemas • The general form of a schema is. SchemaName_____ Declarations ________ Predicate __________ • A schema can also be written in a linear form: • SchemaName == [ Declarations | Predicate] • The previous example would be written in linear form as: • S == [a,b: N | a<b]
Schemas • It is possible to have an anonymous schema, no name. • It is possible to have a schema with no predicate. • Variables are local to a schema. If you require variables from another schema you must include it in your current schema. • Global variables are available to all schemas, they are introduced by axiomatic definition and cannot be changed by any operation. For example: • | capacity: N • If you wish to constrain a variable, the general form is Declarations ________ Predicate __________
Schemas • For example MaxOnCourse ________ MaxOnCourse 6…30 __________ Schemas can make reference to capacity and MaxOnCourse without explicitly including their defining schemas. Course_____ numberEnrolled: ________ numberEnrolledMaxOnCourse __________
Schemas • Each line of declaration part is separated by a semicolon. • Each line of predicate part is connected with the ‘and’ operation Class_____ lecturer: PERSON student: PPERSON ________ lecturerstudent #student MaxOnCourse __________ Is an abbreviation for: Class_____ lecturer: PERSON; student: PPERSON; ________ lecturerstudent L #student MaxOnCourse __________
Schema Calculus Schemas can be regarded as units and manipulated by various operators that are analogous to the logical operators (L ,v, ¬ etc. ) The schema name S decorated with a prime (S’) is defined to be the same as the schema S with all its variables decorated with a prime. It is used to signify the value of a schema after some operation. After operation S’______a’,b’: N ______ a’ < b’ ________ Before operation S______ a,b: N ______ a < b _______
Inclusion • The name of a schema can be included in the declaration of another schema. When a schema is textually imported its declarations are merged with those of the including schema and its predicate part is conjoined (anded) with that of the including schema. Any variables that have the same name must have the same type.
Inclusion Including a schema IncludeS___ c: N S ______ c < 10 _______ Is a short way of writing includeS_ c: N a,b: N ______ c < 10 a < b ________
Schema Conjunction Definition of T T___ b,c: N ______ b < c _____ Definition of S S___ a,b: N ______ a < b _______ SandT == S L T SandT_ a,b,c: N ______ a < b b < c ________
Schema Disjunction Definition of T T___ b,c: N ______ b < c _____ Definition of S S___ a,b: N ______ a < b _______ SorT == S v T SandT___ a,b,c: N ______ (a < b) v (b < c) ________
Delta Convention The convention that a value of a variable before an operation is denoted by an undecorated name of the variable, and the value after an operation is decorated by a prime (‘) is used in the delta naming convention. A schema with a capital delta (D often denotes some change) as the first character of its name is defined as: Definition of Delta S DS___ a,b: N a’,b’: N ______ a < b a’ < b’ _______
The convention a schema with the Greek capital letter xi (X) as the first character of its name, such as XS, is defined as the same as DS but with the constraint that the new value of every variable is the same as the old. The state of does not change. For example a query is an operation that produces a result that should not change the state of a database. Xi Convention Definition of Xi S XS___ a,b: N a’,b’: N ______ a < b a’ < b’ a’ = a b’ = b _______
Finishing variable names with a question mark (?) indicates input to the schema. Finishing variable names with a exclamation mark (!) indicates output from the schema. Schema Input Output Definition of Add Add___ a?,b?: N sum!: N ______ sum! = a? + b? _______
A computer display shows lines of characters with each line consisting of a fixed number of columns containing a character in a fixed-width typeface. A cursor marks the current position of interest on the display. The user can press cursor-control keys on the keyboard, some of which directly control the position of the cursor. Schema Example KEY ::= home | return | left | right | up | down numLines: N numColumns: N ______ 1 numLines 1 numColumns _______
The lines are numbered from 1 to numLines down the display and the columns are numbered 1 to numColumns across the display. Schema Example column numColumns 1 1 line cursor numLines
The State • At any time the cursor is within the bounds of the display. The state of the cursor can be described by the schema Cursor. Cursor___ line: N column: N ______ line1..numLines column1..numColumns _______
Home Key • The operations for moving the cursor can be built up one at a time. The simplest is to respond to the home key. It causes the cursor to the top left corner of the display. HomeKey___ Dcursor key?: KEY ______ key? = home line’ = 1 column’ = 1 ________
Home Key • We are using the delta convention with Dcursor defined as: Dcursor ___ line, line’ : N column, column’ : N ______ line1..numLines line’1..numLines column1..numColumns column’1..numColumns _______
Down Key • The operation for moving the cursor down, in the normal case, can be defined as: DownKeyNormal___ Dcursor key?: Key ______ key? = down line < numLines line’ = line + 1 column’ = column ________
Down Key • The operations for moving the cursor down, when the cursor is at the bottom of the display, can be defined as: DownKeyAtBottom___ Dcursor key?: KEY ______ key? = down line = numLines line’ = 1 column’ = column ________
Down Key • The operation for moving the cursor down is defined to ‘wrap round’ to the top of the display. The full behaviour is given by: DownKey == DownKeyNormal v DownKeyAtBottom • The operation defined by oring the two behaviours.
Return Key • The response to the return key is to move the cursor to the leftmost column of the next line down or the top of the screen if the cursor is already on the bottom line. This can be defined as: ReturnKey___ Dcursor key?: KEY ______ key? = return column’ = 1 ((line < numLines L line’ = line’+1) v (line’ = numLines L line’=1)) ________
Right Key • First we deal with the case where the cursor is not at the far right of the display: RightKeyNormal___ Dcursor key?: KEY ______ key? = right column <numColumns column’ = column+1 line’ = line ________
Right Key • Next we deal with the case where the cursor is at the far right of the display: RightKeyAtEnd___ Dcursor key?: KEY ______ key? = right column =numColumns column’ = 1 line < numLines line’ = line + 1 ________
Right Key • Finally we deal with the case where the cursor is at the far right of the bottom line of the display: RightKeyAtBottom___ Dcursor key?: KEY ______ key? = right column =numColumns column’ = 1 line = numLines line’ = 1 ________
Right Key • These three schemas can be combined to form one schema that defines the response of the cursor to the right key being pressed in all initial positions of the cursor: RightKey= RightKeyNormal v RightKeyAtEnd v RightKeyAtBottom
Cursor-control key action • The action of the cursor on pressing any of these cursor-control keys can be defined as: CursorControlKey= RightKey v HomeKey v ReturnKey UpKey v DownKey v LeftKey
Schema Composition • The composition of a schema S with schema T is written: • S;T • and signifies the effect of doing S, and the doing T. For example, to show the effect of pressing the right-key and then the left-key on the display in this case using the definition of CursorControlKey • PressRight ==CursorControlKey L[k?=right] • PressLeft ==CursorControlKey L [k?=left] The composition of the two actions is written PressRight ; PressLeft
Answer to Q7.1 Base types and initialization: [PERSON] the set of all uniquely identifiable persons RESPONSE ::=OK | AlreadyAUser | NotAUser | LoggedIn | NotLoggedIn Computer___ users, loggedIn : PERSON ______ loggedInz users ________ InitComputer___ Computer’ ______ loggedIn’= users’ = ________
Answer to Q7.2 Add user [PERSON] the set of all uniquely identifiable persons RESPONSE ::=OK | AlreadyAUser | NotAUser | LoggedIn | NotLoggedIn AddUser0___ Computer p? : PERSON ______ p?users users’ = users {p?} loggenIn’ = loggedIn ________
Answer to Q7.2 Add user error [PERSON] the set of all uniquely identifiable persons RESPONSE ::=OK | AlreadyAUser | NotAUser | LoggedIn | NotLoggedIn AddUserError___ Computer p? : PERSON reply! : RESPONSE ______ p?users reply! = AlreadyAUser ________ AddUser == (AddUser0 [reply!:RESPONSE | reply!=OK]) AddUserError
Answer to Q7.3 Remove user [PERSON] the set of all uniquely identifiable persons RESPONSE ::=OK | AlreadyAUser | NotAUser | LoggedIn | NotLoggedIn RemoveUser0___ Computer p? : PERSON ______ p?users p? loggenIn users’ = users \ {p?} loggenIn’ = loggedIn ________
Answer to Q7.3 Remove user error RemoveUserError___ Computer p? : PERSON reply! : RESPONSE ______ (p? users reply! = NotAUser) (p? users p? loggedIn reply! = LoggedIn) ________ RemoveUser == (RemoveUser0 [reply!:RESPONSE | reply!=OK]) RemoveUserError
Answer to Q7.4 Log in [PERSON] the set of all uniquely identifiable persons RESPONSE ::=OK | AlreadyAUser | NotAUser | LoggedIn | NotLoggedIn Login0________ Computer p? : PERSON _________ p?users p? loggenIn users’ = users loggenIn’ = loggedIn {p?} ________________
Answer to Q7.4 Log in Error LoginError________ Computer p? : PERSON reply! : RESPONSE _________ (p? users reply! = NotAUser) (p? users p? loggedIn reply! = LoggedIn) ________ Login == (Login0 [reply!:RESPONSE | reply!=OK]) LoginError
The overall structure of a Z specification • A Z specification document consists of mathematical text in Z notation, interleaved with explanatory text in natural language. The text should be expressed in terms of the problem and should not refer directly to the mathematical formulation, however for tutorial work this restriction is relaxed.
Sections of a Z specification • Introduction. • The types used. • The state and its invariant properties • An initialisation operation. • Operations and queries. • Error handling. • Final versions of operations and enquiries.
