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Mutations November 2, 2009

Mutations November 2, 2009. Catalyst: When you hear the word mutation, what do you think of? Write at least three complete sentences. Write in complete sentences! Don’t talk during the Catalyst!. Objectives. By the end of today, all SWBAT… Define a mutation

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Mutations November 2, 2009

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  1. MutationsNovember 2, 2009 • Catalyst: • When you hear the word mutation, what do you think of? Write at least three complete sentences. Write in complete sentences! Don’t talk during the Catalyst!

  2. Objectives By the end of today, all SWBAT… • Define a mutation • Explain how mutations contribute to variation.

  3. Alright: New Unit!!! Evolution • We are beginning a two-week unit about evolution. We are going to learn some things such as: • Why do some people have lighter skin and other have darker skin? • Why would a cuckoo bird lay her eggs in another birds’ nest? • Why did white moths become less common and gray moths become more common near a factory? • The answer can all be found in evolution!

  4. Introduction/Bridge • Evolution is DIRECTLY related to genetics. • The traits of all living things are found in their DNA/chromosomes. • Why are there differences between people? Why are there any differences among the individuals of any living thing?

  5. Mutations • Key Point #1 • A mutation is a change in the sequence of DNA. • Example: • The gene for making insulin (a protein that regulates your blood sugar), could have the DNA sequence of GTA-CGT-ACC-GTA-ACT…

  6. Figure it out yourself! (10 mins) • You need your codon tables from the genetics unit • First, circle the difference in each mutation from the original • After you finish, answer the question… • Which mutation would cause the biggest change?

  7. Why does that matter? DNA • Your DNA has instructions to make the proteins!!!! • Changes in your DNA are copied into your RNA. • That faulty RNA is used to pick the amino acids in your protein. • What could possibly happen if you have the wrong amino acids???? RNA Protein

  8. Correct Protein 1 • Original correct DNA sequence: • GTA-CGT-ACC-GTA-ACT • CAU-GCA-UGG-CAU-UGA • Histidine-Alanine-Tryptophan-Histidine-STOP

  9. Messed Up Protein 1 • Mutated (switching one base): • GTA-CGT-ACC-GTC-ACT • CAU-GCA-UGG-CAG-UGA • Histidine-Alanine-Tryptophan-Glutamine-STOP

  10. Messed Up Protein 2 • Mutation (switching one base) • GTA-CGT-ACT-GTC-ACT • CAU-GCA-UGA-CAG-UGA • Makes amino acid sequence: Histidine-Alanine-STOP

  11. Messed Up Protein 3 • Mutation (inserting a base): • GTA-CGT-ACA-CGT-AAC-T • CAU-GCA-UGU-GCA-UUG-A • Histidine-Alanine-Cysteine-Alanine-Leucine

  12. What CAUSES mutations? • Radiation • Radioactive materials • UV radiation • Old age

  13. Mutations • Key Point #2 • Mutations occur randomly in the DNA of living organisms. This causes variation. • Variation is the differences among individual phenotypes. • Example: • Eye color in humans.

  14. More Variation Examples • Quickness in gazelles. • Leaf Size for a tea plant

  15. It’s all about the babies • Key Point #3 • Mutations can either increase fitness, decrease fitness, or not change fitness • What do you think fitness means? • Amount of muscles? • NO! • Heart rate? • NO! Fitness = ability of an organism to pass its genes on to the next generation. How many children it has.

  16. Practice! • There is a mutation that causes fur color in bears to become white. • What is the relationship between this mutation and variation in bears? • Mutation increases variation! • When would this increase fitness and why? • In snowy areas  better at hunting • When would this decrease fitness and why? • In dark areas (like the forest)  prey would see it coming  would starve • When would this not change fitness? • If it doesn’t need to hide to catch food

  17. Practice • There is a mutation that causes eagles to have larger claws. • What is the relationship between this mutation and variation in eagles? • When would this increase fitness and why? • When would this not change fitness and why?

  18. Practice There is a mutation that causes grass to be black. What is the relationship between this mutation and variation in grass? When would this increase fitness and why? When would this decrease fitness and why?

  19. Practice There is a mutation that causes rabbits to have longer ears. What is the relationship between this mutation and variation in rabbits? When would this decrease fitness and why? When would this not change fitness and why?

  20. Practice • There is a mutation that causes trees to grow shorter. • What is the relationship between this mutation and variation in trees? • When would this increase fitness and why? • When would this decrease fitness and why?

  21. Key Point Wrap-Up • Key Point #1 • A mutation is a change in the sequence of DNA. • Key Point #2 • Mutations occur randomly in the DNA of living organisms. This causes variation. • Variation is the differences among individual phenotypes. • Key Point #3 • Mutations can either increase fitness, decrease fitness, or not change fitness

  22. Exit Question • What is a mutation? • What is the relationship between mutations and variation? Write in complete sentences! Don’t talk during the Exit Question!

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