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Microbial Commons: Governing Complex Knowledge Assets

Microbial Commons: Governing Complex Knowledge Assets. National Academy of Sciences Washington D.C. October 8-9 2009. Minna Allarakhia University of Waterloo Management Sciences. Systems Biology Paradigm. Systems level understanding of biological processes

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Microbial Commons: Governing Complex Knowledge Assets

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  1. Microbial Commons:Governing Complex Knowledge Assets National Academy of Sciences Washington D.C. October 8-9 2009 Minna Allarakhia University of Waterloo Management Sciences

  2. Systems Biology Paradigm • Systems level understanding of biological processes • Multiple hierarchical levels • Information is processed in complex networks

  3. A Knowledge Perspective of Innovation • Biology is an information science • Multiple Hierarchical Levels • Complex Networks and Interactions • A New Biological Knowledge Framework • Public Good versus Quasi-Private Good • Managing Incentives for the First and Second Innovators

  4. Voluntary Spillovers • Development of a collegial reputation as a reward for working in open science. • To create general reciprocity obligations. • To influence adoption of a technology or technology standard. • When firms are interested in improvements of the average aggregate performance of an industry; to increase safety and regulation associated within an industry. • To pre-empt rivals.

  5. The Open Source Model Collaborative Production Collaborative Production OPEN SOURCE BIOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OPEN SOURCE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Shared Implementation Fair and/or Equitable Access

  6. A Knowledge Based View of Biopharmaceutical Alliances • Resource-Based Theories • Knowledge Access Theories • Knowledge Structures Theory

  7. Consortium Analysis • Analysis of 39 consortia • Committed to • Open Source • Analysis • Structure and Knowledge Types • Participants • Rules • Appropriation Strategies

  8. Use of Knowledge Framework to Understand Firm Behaviour

  9. Governing the Biotech Commons

  10. Updated Commons Model Rules for Knowledge/Technology Management Structure: Open or Closed Commons Participants; Catalyzation Rules/Incentives for Participation

  11. The Microbial Commons • Limitless capabilities for application of knowledge to national needs • DOE Energy and Environmental Missions • Whole Systems Understanding • Whole living and interacting systems • Integration and Analysis of Data • Knowledge organization/Patterns

  12. Managing Microbial Data • Continued Sharing of Microbiological Information Critical • Linking Literature, Databases and User Communities • Collaborative Discovery, Validation, Representation • Suggested governance mechanisms include time of data deposits, access and use, exemption clauses for non-commercial use, management transfer, commercial use clauses

  13. Case Examples of Microbial Data Management • Open access journals, databases, supporting tools • MannDB • Microbial relational database • Use of open source tools • GBIF • Information-based infrastructure to connect users to a globally distributed network of databases

  14. Case Examples of Microbial Data Management • Initiatives to share microbial data from the private sector • Helicos BioSciences Corporation • Open microbial data sets-Motivation?

  15. Managing Microbial Materials • WFCC-Umbrella Organization • Biological Resource Centres (BRCs) • House collections of culturable organisms, replicable parts, cells and tissues as well as databases • Exchange of materials governed by contractual agreements (transfer agreements) • Compensatory liability regime-”take and pay rules”

  16. Case Examples of Microbial Materials Management • CAMBRI • Common interest gateway (Linkages) • E-access to biological material repositories • BioBricks • Biological (DNA) parts are made available to the public free of charge currently via MIT’s Registry of Standard Biological Parts • Collection of approximately 3200 genetic parts that can be mixed and matched to build synthetic biology devices and systems • Unencumbered use of biological parts

  17. Managing Downstream Assets • Eco-Patent Commons • Patent pledges of environmentally beneficial technology • Non-assertion against infringers • 100 eco-friendly patents have been pledged as of 2008 • Motivation? • AlgOS • Open source initiative seeking solutions to produce biodiesel from algae • Green Licensing

  18. The Transition Point TP HC HA HC, LS, HA Eg. Genes, Proteins, Biological Systems HC, HS, HA E.g. Biological Materials, Tools, Drugs/ Diagnostics O, C, NE, EL, ID NE, EL, ID TP HC, L-HS, HA LC, LS, LA E.g. Biological Target Specific to a Rare System LC, HS, LA E.g. Products Targeting Small Markets EL, ID EL, ID LC LA LS HS

  19. Governing the Microbial Commons

  20. Pragmatic Outcomes • Managing knowledge assets within in the information paradigm and now convergence paradigm • Equitable access to knowledge • Equitable opportunities to pursue downstream technological opportunities • Private and social implications via multiple products for the consumer

  21. Policy Outcomes

  22. Future Endeavours • Analyze new case studies involving open source innovation targeting the energy and environment sectors • Evolving models of innovation • Creation of repository of governance strategies of microbial knowledge assets including any licensing templates, as has been created by BiOS and the Creative Commons • Ex-ante management of knowledge assets

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