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NETE0510 ATM

NETE0510 ATM. Dr. Supakorn Kungpisdan supakorn@mut.ac.th. Outline. Overview Cells Segmentation and Reassembly Virtual Paths Physical Layers for ATM ATM in the LAN. ATM Overview. Asynchronous Transfer Mode

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NETE0510 ATM

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  1. NETE0510ATM Dr. Supakorn Kungpisdan supakorn@mut.ac.th NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  2. Outline • Overview • Cells • Segmentation and Reassembly • Virtual Paths • Physical Layers for ATM • ATM in the LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  3. ATM Overview • Asynchronous Transfer Mode • ATM is a competing technology with Ethernet switching, but the areas of application for these two technologies only partially overlap • ATM is a connection-oriented, packet-switched technology • Use virtual circuits • Connection phase is called “signaling” • The main signaling protocol is known as Q.2931 • Q.2931 • Discover a suitable route across an ATM network • Responsible for allocating resources at the switches among the circuit • This is to ensure the circuit a particular quality of service (QoS), one of the greatest ATM strengths NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  4. ATM Overview (cont’d) • ATM has specific format of identifying addresses: E.164 and NSAP (network service access point), different from MAC address in LANs • Packets that are switched in ATM has fixed length: 53 bytes • 5 bytes of header followed by 48 bytes of payload • To distinguish between fixed-length packets and variable-length packets, they are given a special name “cells” NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  5. Outline • Overview • Cells • Segmentation and Reassembly • Virtual Paths • Physical Layers for ATM • ATM in the LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  6. Cells • Variable-length packets are normally constrained to fall within some bounds • The lower bound is set by the minimum amount of information that needs to be contained in the packet • Typically a header with no optional extensions • The upper bound may be set by a variety of factors • Maximum FDDI packet size • How long each station is allowed to transmit without passing on the token, and thus determine how long a station might have to wait for the token to reach it • Cell are both fixed-length and small in size NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  7. Cell Size • Cell has fixed length in order to facilitate the implementation of hardware switches • When ATM was being created in the mid- and late 1980s, 10-Mbps was the cutting-edge technology in terms of speed. • To go much faster, most people thought in terms of hardware • Fixed-length packets turn out to be very helpful thing if want to build fast, highly scalable switches NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  8. Cell Size (cont’d) • Two main reasons: • Easier to build hardware to do simple jobs, and the job of processing packets is simple when you already know how long each one will be • If all packets have the same length, then you can have lots of switching elements all doing much the same thing in parallel, each of them taking the same time to do its job NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  9. Cell Size (cont’d) • The second reason improves scalability of switch designs • Ease the task of building such hardware and that there was a lot of knowledge available about how to build cell switches in hardware at the time the ATM standards were being defined • Fixed-length cell is also good for queuing • Queues build up in a switch when traffic from several inputs may be heading for a single output • Once you extract a packet from a queue and start transmitting it, you need to continue until the whole packet is transmitted NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  10. Cell Size (cont’d) • The longest time that a queue output can be tied up is equal to the time it takes to transmit a maximum-sized packet • Tqueue = Ttrans-max-size-packet • Fixed-length cell means that a queue output is never tied up for more than the time it takes to transmit one cell, which is almost certainly shorter than the maximum-sized packet on a variable-length packet network • Tqueue-cell ≤ Ttrans-max-size-packet NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  11. Cell Size (cont’d) • A network with variable-length packets, • Maximum packet size is 4kB • Link speed is 100 Mbps • Thus the time to transmit a max-size packet is 4096 x 8 /100M = 327.68 µs • A high-priority packet that arrives just after the switch starts to transmit a 4-kB packet will have to wait in a queue 327.68 µs • In contrast, if the switch were forwarding 53-byte cells, the longest wait would be 53 x 8 /100M = 4.24 µs • Also queues of cells also tend to be a little shorter than queues of packets • When a packet begins to arrive in an empty queue, switch has to wait for the whole packet to arrive before it can start transmitting the packet on an outgoing link • The link sits idle when the packet arrives • Large-size packet VS small-size cell NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  12. How large is The Cell Size? • If the size is too short, the amount of header relative to the amount of data gets larger • Percentage of link bandwidth used to carry data goes down • If you build up a device that processes cells at some maximum number of cells per second, then as cells get shorter, the total data rate drops in direct proportion to cell size • E.g. network adapter that reassembles cells into larger units before handling them up to the host • The performance of such device depends on cell size • If the cell is too big, there is a problem of waste bandwidth caused by the need to pad transmitted data to fill a complete cell • If the payload size is 48 bytes and you want to transmit 1 byte of data  need to pad 47 bytes • This lowers link utilization • 53-byte size were chosen, 5 bytes of header and 48 bytes of payload NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  13. Cell Format • Two different cell formats • UNI (user-network interface): between a telephone company and its user • NNI (network-network interface): between a pair of telephone companies • The only significant difference in cell formats is that the NNI format replaces the GFC (Generic Flow Control) fielded with 4 extra bits of VPI ATM Cell Format at the UNI NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  14. ATM Cell Format(cont’d) • GFC (Generic Flow Control) • 4 bits, not widely used, were intended to have local significance at a site • To provide a means to arbitrate access to the link if the local site used some shared medium to connect to ATM • VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier) • 8-bit VPI and 16-bit VCI • Both are used to identify a virtual connection NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  15. ATM Cell Format(cont’d) • Type • 3 bits  8 possible values • 4 of them, where the 1st bit is set, relate to management functions • If the 1st bit is not set, the cell contains user data • The 2nd bit is the “explicit forward congestion indication” (EFCI) bit • Used for congestion control in conjunction with the available bit rate (ABR) service  set by the congested switch to tell an end node that it is congested • The 3rd bit is the “user signaling” bit • Used in conjunction with ATM adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) to delineate frames. Indicate the last cell of the frame NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  16. ATM Cell Format(cont’d) • CLP (cell loss priority) • A user or network element may set this bit to indicate cells that should be dropped preferentially in the event of overload • E.g. a video coding application could set this bit for cells that would not dramatically degrade the quality of the video if dropped • A network element might set this bit for cells that have been transmitted by a user in excess of the amount that was negotiated • CRC • Known as header error check (HEC), use CRC-8 • Provide error detection and single-bit error correction capability on the cell header only • Important because error in the VCI will cause the cell to be misdelivered NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  17. Outline • Overview • Cells • Segmentation and Reassembly • Virtual Paths • Physical Layers for ATM • ATM in the LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  18. Segmentation and Reassembly • The packet handed down from high-level protocol are often larger than 48 bytes  need fragmentation and reassembly • In ATM, often called Segmentation And Reassembly (SAR) • To deal with this, a protocol was added in between ATM and the variable-length packet protocols that might use ATP, such as IP • This layer is called ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) • AAL header contains the information needed by the destination to reassemble the individual cells back into the original message NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  19. AAL and ATM Segmentation and reassembly in ATM NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  20. AALs • ATM supports all sorts of services, including voice, video, and data • Need different AALs • 4 adaptation layers was originally defined: • 1 and 2 designed to support applications, like voice, that require guaranteed bit rates • 3 and 4 support packet data running over ATM • AAL3 used by connection-oriented packet services (e.g. X.25) • AAL4 used by connectionless services (e.g. IP) • Later 3 and 4 were combined into AAL3/4 • Some perceived shortcomings in AAL3/4 caused AAL5 • Now there are 4 types of AALs: 1, 2, 3/4, and 5 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  21. ATM Adapter Layer 3/4 • Main function of AAL3/4 is to provide enough information to allow variable-length packets to be transported across the ATM network as a series of fixed-length cells • A packet is this layer is called “protocol data unit (PDU)” • The task of segmentation/reassembly involves two different packet formats: • Convergence sublayer PDU (CS-PDU): defines a way of encapsulating variable-length PDUs prior to segmenting them into cells • The PDU passed down to the AAL is encapsulated by adding a header and a trailer, and the resultant CS-PDU is segmented into ATM cells NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  22. AAL3/4 CS-PDU Packet Format • CPI indicates which version of the CS-PDU format is in use • Only the value 0 is currently defined • Beginning tag (Btag) is supposed to match the end tag (Etag) for a given PDU • Protect against the situation in which the loss of the last cell of one PDU and the first cell of another causes two PDUs to be inadvertently joined into a single PDU and passed up to the next layer in the protocol stack • Buffer allocation size (BASize) is not necessarily the length of the PDU • Supposed to be a hint to the reassembly process as to how much buffer space to allocate for the reassembly ATM AAL3/4 packet format NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  23. AAL3/4 Packet Format (cont’d) • Before adding the CS-PDU trailer, the user data is padded to one byte less than a multiple of 4 bytes, by adding up to 3 bytes of padding • Ensure that the trailer is aligned on a 32-bit boundary, making for more efficient processing • The CS-PDU trailer contains the Etag and the real length of the PDU (Len) • AAL3/4 specifies a header and trailer that are carried in each cell • The CS-PDU is segmented into 44-byte chunks plus 4 bytes of its header and trailer  bring up to 48 bytes • Then carried as the payload of an ATM cell ATM cell format for AAL3/4 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  24. AAL3/4 Packet Format (cont’d) • Type • The first two bits of the AAL3/4 header contain Type field indicating is this is the first cell of a CS-PDU, the last cell of a CS-PDU, a cell in the middle of a CS-PDU, or a single-cell PDU (in which case it is both first and last) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  25. AAL3/4 Packet Format (cont’d) • SEQ (sequence number) • Detect cell loss or misordering so that reassembly can be aborted • MID (multiplexing identifier) • Multiplex several PDUs onto a single connection • Length • Show the number of bytes of PDU that are contained in the cell • Must equal 44 for BOM and COM cells • CRC • Detect errors anywhere in the 48-byte cell payload NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  26. Encapsulation and Segmentation for AAL3/4 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  27. ATM Adaptation Layer 5 • AAL3/4 seems to take a lot of fields and thus a lot of overhead to perform conceptually simple function of SAR • Could just have 1 bit in the ATM header (as opposed to the AAL header) to delineate the end of a frame, them SAR could be accomplished without using any of the 48-byte ATM payload for SAR information • This led to AAL5 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  28. AAL5 (cont’d) • Replace 2-bit Type filed of AAL3/4 with 1 bit of framing information in the ATM cell header • Set this bit to identify the last cell of a PDU • The next cell is assumed to be the first cell of the next PDU • Subsequent cells are assumed to be COM cells until another cell is received with this bit set. • Other features of AAL3/4 are provided in AAL5 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  29. AAL5 CS-PDU • AAL5 CS-PDU consists of data portion and 8-byte trailer • To make sure that the trailer always falls at the tail end of an ATM cell, there may be up to 47 bytes of padding between the data and trailer (min data allowed is 1 byte) • The first 2 bytes of trailer is Reserve and must be 00 • Len is the number of bytes carried in the PDU, not including the trailer or any padding before trailer ATM AAL5 packet format NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  30. Encapsulation and Segmentation for AAL5 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  31. Encapsulation and Segmentation for AAL5 (cont’d) • AAL5 provides almost the same functionality as AAL3/4 without using an extra 4 bytes out of every cell • The main feature missing from AAL% is the ability to provide an additional layer of multiplexing onto one virtual circuit using the MID • AAL5 is preferred in the IETF form transmitting IP datagrams over ATM • More efficient use of bandwidth and simple design are the main features that make it more appealing than AAL3/4 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  32. Outline • Overview • Cells • Segmentation and Reassembly • Virtual Paths • Physical Layers for ATM • ATM in the LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  33. Virtual Paths • ATM uses 24-bit identifier for virtual circuits • 8-bit virtual path identifier (VPI) • 16-bit virtual circuit identifier (VCI) • This creates two levels of virtual connections • A corporation has two sites connecting to a public ATM network and each site the corporation has a network of ATM switches • We can establish a virtual path between two sites using only VPI field • The switch in the public network would use the VPI as the only field on which to make forwarding decisions • It is a virtual circuit network with 8-bit circuit identifier • The 16-bit VCI has no interest to these public switches NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  34. Virtual Paths (cont’d) • Within corporate sites, the full 24-bit space is used for switching • Traffic flowing between two sites is routed to a switch that has an connection to the public network, and its top (most significant bits) 8 bits VPI are mapped onto the appropriate value to get the data to the other site NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  35. Virtual Paths (cont’d) • Advantages • Support many virtual connections across the public network • The switches in the public network behave as if there is only one connection • There needs to be much less connection-state information stored on the switches, avoiding the need for big, expensive tables of per-VCI information NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  36. Outline • Overview • Cells • Segmentation and Reassembly • Virtual Paths • Physical Layers for ATM • ATM in the LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  37. Physical Layers for ATM • From early in the process of standardizing ATM, it was assumed that ATM would run on top of a SONET physical layer • Standard ways of carrying ATM cells inside a SONET frame have been defined. Can buy ATM-over-SONET products • However, they are entirely separable. • Can lease a SONET link from a telephone company to carry variable-length packets • Can send ATM cells over many other physical layers instead of SONET • Notable early physical layers for ATM was TAXI, the physical layer used in FDDI • Wireless physical layers for ATM are also being defined NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  38. How to find boundaries of the ATM cells • With SONET, find ATM cell boundaries: • One of the overhead bytes in the SONET frame can be used as a pointer into the SONET payload to start of an ATM cell • Having found the start of one cell, it is known that the next cell starts 53 bytes further on in the SONET payload • In theory, need to read this pointer only once, but in practice, may read it every time the SONET overhead goes by to detect errors or resynchronize if needed NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  39. Outline • Overview • Cells • Segmentation and Reassembly • Virtual Paths • Physical Layers for ATM • ATM in the LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  40. ATM in the LAN • ATM can be used in LANs  a replacement for Ethernet and 802.5 • Its popularity can be attributed to two main factors: • ATM is a switched technology, whereas Ethernet and 802.5 were originally envisioned as shared-media technologies • ATM was designed to operate on links with speeds of 155 Mbps and above, compared to the original 10 Mbps of Ethernet and 4 or 16 Mbps of token rings NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  41. ATM in the LAN (cont’d) • Switched networks have a big performance advantage over shared-media networks • A single shared-media network has a fixed total bandwidth that must be shared among all hosts, whereas each host gets its own dedicated link to the switch in a switched network • However, bridge that connects a number of shared-media network together is also a switch, giving dedicated access • Also when ATM were launched, high-speed Ethernet became available. It speed began to approach that of ATM NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  42. ATM in the LAN (cont’d) • One advantage of ATM over Ethernet that remains is the lack of distance limitation for ATM links. Also high-speed ATM links (e.g. 622 Mbps) became available. • This made ATM fairly popular for the high-performance “backbone” of larger LANs • One common configuration is to connect hosts to Ethernet switches, which in turn could be interconnected by ATM switches • High-performance servers might also be connected directly to the ATM switch NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  43. ATM in the LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  44. ATM in the LAN • One significant problem with running ATM in a LAN is that it doesn’t look like a “traditional” LAN • Because most LANs are shared-media networks (i.e. every node on the LAN is connected to the same link), it is easy to implement broadcast and multicast • Many protocols that people depend on in their LANs, e.g. ARP, depend in turn on the ability of the LAN to support broadcast and multicast • However, ATM is not a shared-media network. • How do we can broadcast to all nodes on an ATM LAN if don’t know all their addresses and set up VCs to all of them? NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  45. ATM in the LAN (cont’d) • Two possible solutions • Redesign the protocols that make assumption about LANs that are not in face true for ATM • ATMARP does not depend on broadcast • Make ATM behave more like a shared-media LAN  supporting broadcast and multicast without losing the performance advantages of a switched network • LAN Emulation or LANE: aim to add functionality to ATM LANs so that anything that runs over a shared-media LAN can operate over an ATM LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  46. ATM in the LAN (cont’d) • One aspect of LANE that can be confusing is the variety of different addresses and identifiers that are used • ATM devices must have ATM address used when signaling to establish a VC • Different from IEEE 802 MAC address used in Ethernet and token rings • LANE does not actually change functionality of ATM switches, but add functionality to the network through the additional of a number of servers. • Devices connecting to the ATM network – hosts, bridges, routers – are referred to as LAN emulation clients (LECs). NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  47. ATM in the LAN (cont’d) NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  48. LAN Emulation • The servers that are required to build an emulated LAN are: • The LAN emulation configuration server (LECS) • The LAN emulation server (LES) • The broadcast and unknown server (BUS) • These servers can be physically located in one or more devices • LECS and LES primarily perform configuration functions • BUS has a central role in making data transfer in an ATM network resemble that of a shared-media LAN NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  49. LAN Emulation (cont’d) LES BUS H2 H1 NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

  50. Broadcasting in LAN Emulation • LECS enables a newly attached or rebooted LAN emulation client to get some essential information • First, the client must find the LECS, which may use a well-known, predefined VC that is always set up. Alternatively, the client must have prior knowledge of the ATM address of the LECS so it can set up a VC to it • Once connected, the client provides the LECS with its ATM address • LECS responds by telling the client • what type of LAN is being emulated (Ethernet or token ring) • What the maximum packet size is • The ATM address of the LES. One LES might support many separate emulated LANs • The client signals for a connection to the LES whose ATM address is just learned. • Once connected to the LES, the client registers its MAC and ATM addresses with the LES. The LES provides the client with the ATM address of the BUS NETE0510: Communication Media and Data Communications

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