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Human Positions and Posture Mazyad Aloatibi. Human Positions and Posture. The position in which the parts of your body are hold upright against gravity while standing, sitting, or lying down is called posture.
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Human Positions and Posture • The position in which the parts of your body are hold upright against gravity while standing, sitting, or lying down is called posture. • Your posture constantly changes depending on the activity, but no matter what you are doing, you must keep holding and moving your body in a balanced and efficient way, that is called good posture • To gain good posture you must training your muscles, bones, and joints to stand, walk, sit, and lie with least strain and effort.
Proper Posture To achieve proper posture: 1- Keeps correct alignment of bones and joints to help muscles used properly. 2- Decrease the abnormal wearing of joint surfaces that could result in arthritis by proper alignment.
Proper Posture 3- Decreases the stress on the ligaments holding the joints of the back. 4- Prevents the spine from becoming fixed in abnormal positions. 5- Prevents fatigue because muscles are being used more efficiently, allowing the body to use less energy. 6- Prevents strain or overuse problems. 7- Prevents backache and muscular pain.
Factors Affect Posture There are some factors contribute to bad posture as: • OBESITY • PREGNANCY • muscle weakness. • use high-heeled shoes .
Factors Affect Posture • shortening of muscles. • decrease flexibility and ignorance of good posture.
Starting Positions • Also called fundamental positions. • They are five positions. 1- Standing position. 2- Kneeling position. 3- Sitting position. 4- Lying position. 5- Hanging position.
1- Standing • it is the most difficult position to maintain because the body is balanced and stabilized on a small base which needs coordination work of many muscle groups.
Correct Standing Position 1- The heels are on ground with angle not exceed 45°. 2- Keep your knee straight but not locked. 3- The hips are in extension and slightly rotated laterally. 4- The pelvic is balanced on the femoral head. 5- The spine is stretched to its maximum length and stomach flat.
Correct Standing Position 6- The head is hold up straight with chin in. do not tilt your head forward, backward, or sideways. 7- Keep your shoulder blades back. 8- The arms are hanged loosely to the sides, palms facing sides of the body. 9- Your weight should be evenly distributed on both legs.
2- KNEELING • The body is supported on the knees which may be together or slightly apart. • 1- The lower leg rests on the floor with the feet planter flexed. • 2- The feet may be in the mid position over the edge of the plinth.
2- KNEELING • Effect: uncomfortable position for most people due to difficult balance. • Uses: as starting position for backward movements.
3- SITTING • the position is taken on chair or stool. • 1- It is preferable to leave 2 or 3 inches of space between the back of your knees and the edge of the seat.
3- SITTING • 2- The height and width of seat must allow the thighs to be fully supported. • 3- The hips and knees are flexed to right angle. • 4- The knees are apart and feet rest on the floor. • 5- Your weight should be evenly distributed on both buttocks.
3- SITTING Effect: comfortable, natural, and very stable position. Uses: for many non-weight bearing knee and foot exercises.
4- LYING • This is the easiest position as the body can completely supported in the supine position and as stable as possible.
4- LYING • Effect: • The alignment of the body is as in standing. • Breathing is impeded slightly by pressure on the posterior aspect of thorax and the pressure of the abdominal viscera on the under surface of the diaphragm is increased. • Uses: it is suitable for many exercises.
5- HANGING • The body is suspended by grasping over horizontal bar. • The arms straight & at least shoulder width apart and forearm being pronated.
5- HANGING • - The head is held high and the scapulae are drowning down together. • - The legs and trunk hang straight with the heels together and the ankle planter flexed. • Uses: it is suitable for athletic persons with high muscle strength.
Derived Positions • Derived positions are positions used by modification of the arms, legs or trunk in each of fundamental position. The aims of derived positions are: 1- To increase or decrease the base of support. 2- To rise or lower the center of gravity (COG). 3- To gain local or general relaxation. 4- To gain fixation and good control of specific area. 5- To increase or decrease the muscle work required to maintain the position. 6- To increase or decrease the leverage.
I- Positions derived from standing A- By alteration of the arms. • 1- Wing standing: • Hands rest on the iliac crest, fingers extended and adducted, thumbs abducted posterior. • Uses: grasp patient during exercises.
2- Bend standing The shoulders are laterally rotated and adducted strongly, the elbows are flexed and the forearms are supinated with wrists and fingers flexed to rest above the lateral border of acromion process.
2- Bend standing • Effect: suitable position for subjects with weakness of shoulders abductors (as arm lever is reduced). Uses: • Used in trunk exercises as corrective position for upper back and thorax.
3- Reach Standing • The shoulders are flexed and the elbows are extended, arms are parallel in the same shoulder width.
3- Reach Standing • Effect: • The forward raising of the arms brings the center of gravity of the body forward and leading to extension of the lumber spine. • Uses: • Prior to some arm and trunk exercises in the • sagittal plane. • Assist balance during balance walking • sideways.
4- Yard Standing • The arms are straight and elevated sideways to horizontal position. • Effect: This position has a mechanical disadvantage, an increase of the lever. The abductors of the shoulder work at a marked mechanical disadvantage as the length of the weight arm of the lever so greatly exceeds that of the power of the arm.
4- Yard Standing Uses: 1- Corrective for the posture of the upper back 2- Facilitates body balance 3- Convenient for the arm swinging exercises 4- The body is steadied for the leg and trunk exercises when one arm only is used or when the hand grasps a support at a suitable height (1/2 yd.st.)
4- Yard Standing • 5- When palms are turned forwards (yd.palms f.st.) or upwards (yd.palms u.st.) the latter involving an additional lateral rotation at the shoulder joint with consequent further bracing of the upper back muscles
5- Stretch Standing • The arms are fully elevated so that they are in line with the body, parallel to each other and with palms facing forward.
5- Stretch Standing • Effect: • Stretched shortened muscles like pectoralis major, minor and latissimus dorsi. Leading to difficulty in respiration and impede arm circulation by gravity.
5- Stretch Standing • Uses: • It is unsuitable for weak patients or those who suffer from respiratory condition. • It is strongly corrective for the position of the upper back and gives a feeling of stretching the spine.
5- Stretch Standing 3- Elevation of the arms raises the center of gravity of the body and affords additional leverage in many trunk exercises. 4- The hands may grasp some over-head support (str.gr.st) or the finger may be clasped (str.clasp.st.). 5- Useful to treat scoliosis.
Derived position from standing B) By alteration of the legs Achieved by change in the shaper size of the base. 1- Toe standing. 2- Stride standing. 3- Walk standing. 4- Half standing.
1- Toe standing • The heels are pressed together and raised from the floor. • Effect: • The base is reduced and the center of gravity is raised.
Toe Standing • Uses: • It is used as a balance position. • There is a tendency for the whole body to stretch so it is used as treatment for postural flat feet and posture training generally.
2- Stride standing • The legs are abducted and the heels are apart and remain in 45°. • Effect: • Large base lead to easy and stable position. • Uses: • Used as starting easy position for many exercises.
3- Walk standing • One leg is placed forward to the same line of the other leg. • Effect: • The base is much enlarged in the antro-posterior direction stabilizing the body for exercises in a sagittal plane. Rotation of the pelvis towards the side of the forward leg is prevented by the position of the back leg. • Uses: 1- Localize rotation of the spine. 2- Tension on the hamstrings of the forward leg prevents forward tilting of the pelvis in trunk flexion exercises.
4- Half standing The whole weight of the body is supported on one leg, the other may be free or supported in a variety of the positions. • Effects: Balance is very difficult with one leg. The free leg can rest in many positions like stool with flexed hip and knee (step st.). This position reflexes the tension of the abdominal operations.
4- Half standing • Uses: Increase tension of the hamstring of the lower leg and straightening of the lumbar spine.
Standing with trunk alteration • 1- Stoop standing. • 2- Lax stoop standing.
1- Stoop Standing • The hip joints are flexed while the trunk, head and arms remain in alignment and are inclined forwards. The angles to which the trunk is inclined is usually about a right angle but depends on the tension of the hamstring which controls the forward tilting of the pelvis when the knees are straight.
1- Stoop Standing • Effects and Uses: • Can be used as strength position for neck and back muscles. • Training for good posture of upper back muscles. • Very difficult but gives good results.
2- Lax Stoop Standing • The hips are flexed and the trunk, head and arms are relaxed so that they hang forwards and downwards. Balance is maintained by a slight plantar flexion at the ankle joints, causing a backward inclination of the leg.
2- Lax Stoop Standing • Effect: The amount of forward flexion is dictated by tension which develops in the hamstring and lumbar muscles.
2- Lax Stoop Standing • Uses: • 1- As a position for test hamstring muscle tension. • 2- To train local relaxation of the upper body. • 3- To assist expiration. • 4- It is used prior to extension exercises of hips and spine, particularly those which occur progressively, as in uncurling to the upright position.
2- Lax Stoop Standing • 5- The position is unsuitable for weak or elderly patients as the dependent position of the body causes an increased blood flow to the head which may be followed by depletion on rising to the upright position and consequent feeling of giddiness. • 6- When the knees are allowed to bend in the position (lax.stp.k.bd.st.), tension on the hamstring and lumbar muscles is reduced, giving a feeling of relaxation right through the body.
B- position Derived from Kneeling • The positions of the arms are the same as in the standing and may be added to the kneeling position as required.
1- Half Kneeling • One knee supports most of the weight and other leg is bent to a right angle at hip, knee and ankle so that the foot is supported on the ground in a forward direction.
1- Half Kneeling • Effect and Uses: • The position is similar to the step standing and may be modified by stretching the forward leg in a sideways direction . The pelvis is well fixed in the position for trunk side bending and rotation exercises.
2- Kneel Sitting • The knees and hips are flexed so that patient sits on his heels. • Uses: • Sometimes used for small children, but most people find it very uncomfortable.
