Aquifer Recharge Using Reclaimed Water in the Tampa Bay Area

1. Aquifer Recharge Using Reclaimed Waterin the Tampa Bay Area Phil Waller, P.E.

2. Project Overview – SWUCA and MIA

3. Project Scope of Work • Technical Memorandum 1- Hydrogeology, Water Quality and Permitting • Previous Project Review • Regulatory Review • Reclaimed Water Quality • Hydrogeology and Aquifer Water Quality • Indirect Aquifer Recharge Feasibility Mapping • Permitted Groundwater Users • Aquifer Contamination Site Review • Evaluate Indirect Recharge Technology Issues • Evaluate Direct Recharge Technology Issues

4. Project Scope of Work • TM 2- Water Level Improvements/Impacts • SWFWMD Rule Summary • Direct Recharge Groundwater Modeling • Indirect Recharge Groundwater Modeling • TM 3- Economic Analyses • Final Report

5. Project Schedule

6. Summary of Similar Projects • 75 reclaimed water recharge projects were identified globally • Projects were identified by: • Reclaimed water as recharge source water • Groundwater credits or exchange • Wastewater treatment processes • Ultimate recharge purpose • Groundwater level mitigation • Groundwater replacement • Salinity barriers • Long term storage • Indirect potable reuse

7. Summary of 16 Relevant Projects Indirect Recharge Projects • Water Conserv II RIBs - Orange County and the City of Orlando • Old Winter Garden Road South WRF RIBs - Orange County Utilities • Beardsley Road and Butler Drive WRF RIBs - City of Peoria, AZ • Tucson Sweetwater Wetlands and RIBs - Tucson Water, AZ • Oak Hill Estates RIBs - Polk County Utilities • Lake Marden Recharge Project w/wetland - Orange County Utilities • Project RENEW Irrigation – Orlando Utilities Commission • Wetlands-Based Water Reclamation Project - City of West Palm Beach • Orlando Easterly Wetlands - City of Orlando • Green Cay Wetlands - Palm Beach County Water Utilities Department

8. Summary of 16 Relevant Projects Combined Indirect and Direct Recharge Projects • Arrowhead Ranch Recharge Facility ASR System, Vadose wells, and RIBs - City of Glendale, AZ • GW Replenishment District RIBs and Salinity Barrier - Orange Co Water District, CA Direct Recharge Projects • Kanapaha WRF Injection Well - Gainesville Regional Utilities, FL • West Basin Reclamation Project Salinity Barrier - West Basin Municipal Water District, CA • Hueco Bolson Recharge Project Recharge Wells - El Paso Water Utilities, TX • Bolivar Reclaimed Water ASR System - Adelaide Water Works, South Australia

9. Conclusions Derived from Projects Florida - Reclaimed water has been used for groundwater exchange: • SJRWMD and SFWMD have approved projects for permitted groundwater exchanges • Level of treatment predominantly is secondary treatment with filtration and high level disinfection • Providing reuse water for irrigation to minimize surficial aquifer pumping for irrigation • RIBs that recharge the surficial aquifer to offset future surficial aquifer withdrawal impacts • RIBs that recharge the surficial aquifer to restore/mitigate wetlands from Floridan withdrawals • Wetland recharge where excess wetland sheetflow water can be used for surface water supply augmentation

10. Conclusions Derived from Projects Arizona Groundwater Recharge • Arizona Water Banking Authority established in 1980 to restore basin groundwater supply with Colorado River surface water and reclaimed water • Deep unconfined aquifer and recharged reclaimed water undergoes Soil Aquifer Treatment • Reclaimed water meets reuse and AWT standards • RIBs, Vadose wells, wetlands, and injection wells are used • Wetland restoration and treatment • Groundwater recharge for intentional recovery by drinking water wells • Long term storage credits to be used for withdrawal during drought conditions

11. Conclusions Derived from Projects California Groundwater Recharge • Colorado River is a major component of water imported to Southern California. River allocations are being reduced due to low river flows. • California uses reclaimed water for salinity barriers and aquifer recharge for water supply well withdrawal (Groundwater Replenishment Project, West Basin Reclamation Project) • RIBs and injection wells are used • Reclaimed water meets Full treatment standards • Membranes (multiple barriers) • UV disinfection • AOP (hydrogen peroxide) • Groundwater recharge for intentional recovery by drinking water wells. • Recharged water retention time is a minimum of 6 months before being captured by drinking water wells

12. Applicable Aquifer Recharge Regulations • 62-4, FAC – Permits • 62-40, FAC – Water Resource Implementation Rule • 62-520, FAC – Ground Water Classes, Standards, and Exemptions • 62-521, FAC – Wellhead Protection Rule • 62-522, FAC – Groundwater Permitting and Monitoring Requirements • 62-528, FAC – Underground Injection Control • 62-532, FAC – Water Well Permitting and Construction Requirements • 62-550, FAC – Drinking Water Standards, Monitoring, and Reporting • 62-600, FAC – Domestic Wastewater Facilities • 62-601, FAC – Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Monitoring • 62-610, FAC – Reuse of Reclaimed Water and Land Application • 62-611, FAC – Wetlands Application • 62-620, FAC – Wastewater Facility and Activities Permitting • 62-621, FAC – Generic Permits • 62-621.500(2)(b), FAC – Generic Permit for Rapid Infiltration Basins

13. Groundwater Recharge Treatment and Disinfection Requirements

14. Groundwater Recharge Treatment and Disinfection Requirements (continued)

15. Groundwater Recharge Treatment and Disinfection Requirements (continued)

16. Projects Ranked by Permitting Difficulty • Projects ranked from simplest to most complex • Direct recharge or ASR into a G-IV aquifer containing greater than 10,000 mg/L TDS • RIBs located in areas without direct connection to the Floridan aquifer with no potable water supply expected in the underlying aquifer • RIBs located in areas with direct connection to the Floridan aquifer and with potable water supply occurring or expected to occur from underlying aquifers in the project area • ASR completed into an aquifer containing between 3,000 and 10,000 mg/L TDS • ASR completed into an aquifer containing between 1,000 and 3,000 mg/L TDS that are not reasonably considered to be used for public water supply

17. Projects Ranked by Permitting Difficulty • Projects ranked from simplest to most complex (continued) • Direct recharge into an aquifer containing between 3,000 and 10,000 mg/L TDS (e.g., salinity barriers) • ASR in an aquifer containing less than 1,000 mg/L TDS • Direct recharge into an aquifer containing between 500 and 3,000 mg/L TDS • Direct recharge into an aquifer containing less than 500 mg/L TDS • More complex permitting projects generally require more stringent water quality standards

18. SWFWMD Groundwater Permitting • Minimum aquifer level in most impacted area of the Southern Water Use Caution Area • Net Benefit concept • Other regulatory requirements

19. Level of Treatment from Area Utilities • Hillsborough County - Advanced Wastewater Treatment • Falkenburg AWTP • Valrico AWT • South County AWTP • City of Tampa - Advanced Wastewater Treatment • Howard F. Curren AWTF • City of Plant City- Advanced Wastewater Treatment • Plant City Water Reclamation Facility • Polk County - Secondary Treatment • Many WTFs (11 in all) • City of Lakeland - Secondary Treatment • Northside WWTP • Glendale WWTP

20. Direct Recharge Project Areas

21. Direct Recharge Projects – 40 MGD Coastal Scenario

22. Direct Recharge Projects – 40 MGD Coastal Scenario

23. Direct Recharge Projects – Model Summary Table

24. Direct Recharge Projects - Withdrawals

25. Floridan Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment Evidential Theme (data layer) IAS thickness Hydraulic head difference (UFA-SAS) Proximity to karst features Soil permeability Training points (occurrence) Wells with WQ data indicative of vulnerability Response Theme (output map) Model output of relative vulnerability

26. FAVA Evidential Themes Soil Permeability Proximity to Karst Features Intermediate Aquifer System Thickness SAS-FA Head Difference Model Output = Relative Vulnerability

27. FAVA Response Theme – Floridan Aquifer An output map of the probability of vulnerability Calculated by estimating the combined weights of the data layers Output theme is displayed in classes of relative vulnerability (one area is more vulnerable than another)

28. Floridan Aquifer Favorability Assessment

29. Indirect Recharge Next Steps • The Lakeland and Lake Wales Ridges in the north may be sites of interest for indirect recharge. • Availability of land will affect the selection of sites. • Potential opportunities to use mining lands as recharge sites • Conduct groundwater modeling on selected sites

30. Indirect Recharge Site Selection

31. Recharge Feasibility Next Steps • Technical Memorandum 2 will summarize numerical groundwater modeling of recharge and withdrawal to quantify the net aquifer benefits to the Upper Floridan aquifer. • Evaluations will be made to rank the recharge scenarios based on the improvements in water level and the additional withdrawal available to be captured. • Technical Memorandum 3 will summarize estimated costs for projects that are identified to have a greater aquifer improvement and additional groundwater availability. • Final report summarizing findings on study.

32. Aquifer Recharge Using Reclaimed Waterin the Tampa Bay Area The End Phil Waller, P.E.