Week 8: Euteleostei Neoteleostei Paracanthopterygii

1. Week 8: Euteleostei Neoteleostei Paracanthopterygii

2. neoteleosts = “new teleosts”

3. Protacanthopterygii soft-rayed fins abdominal pelvic fin adipose fin cycloid scales physostomous gas bladder Paracanthopterygii both soft and spine fin rays subthoracic to jugular pelvic fin +/- adipose fin cycloid or ctenoid scales physoclistous gas bladder Acanthopterygii spined fin rays thoracic pelvic fin no adipose fin ctenoid scales physoclistous gas bladder

4. Gadiformes soft and ~spine rayed fins thoracic pelvic fin no adipose fin cycloid scales physoclistous gas bladder Gadidae haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus derived Acanthopterygian features

5. Week 8: Euteleostei Neoteleostei Paracanthopterygii Percopsiformes

6. Percopsiformes (perch-like) ~3 families (x1948 in Mass.) weak spines subthoracic pelvic fins ~adipose fin NA species <20 cm

7. pirateperches migratory anus juvenile (abdominal) adult (thoracic)

8. cavefishes ~troglomorphs 6 sp. (4 blind) southern cavefish Typhlichthys subterraneus migratory anus to throat female incubates eggs in gill chamber ~9 cm S, E limestone caves

9. Also Cypriniformes Siluriformes Synbranchiformes Gobiiformes blind gudgeon Milyeringa veritas Characiformes Mexican blind cave fish Astyanax mexicanux

10. Week 8: Euteleostei Neoteleostei Paracanthopterygii Percopsiformes Ophidiiformes

11. Ophidiidae oviparous cusk eels ~220 sp. cusk eel Otophidium worldwide marine ~FW > 1 m Bythitidae viviparous brotulas ~100 sp.

12. Ophidiiformes benthopelagic Aphyonus gelatinosus >700 m transparent, reduced eyes ~neotenic deepest fish at 8,370 m in Puerto Rico Trench

13. free-living • associate • sea cucumbersclams • starfish • sea urchins • tunicates Carapidae pearlfishes ~30 sp. mollusk pearlfish Carapus bermudensis • inquiline (tenant) behavior

14. parasitism/commensalism • no pelvic fin • thoracic anus 2 distinct larval stages (pelagic, benthic)

15. ~5 pearlfishes/sea cucumber also thoracic genital aperture

16. Week 8: Euteleostei Neoteleostei Paracanthopterygii Percopsiformes Ophidiiformes Gadiformes

17. Gadiformes soft and ~spine rayed fins thoracic pelvic fin no adipose fin cycloid scales physoclistous gas bladder Gadidae haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus derived Acanthopterygian features

18. Gadiformes ~9 families 480 sp. ~freshwater NA, Siberia

19. benthic to benthopelagic

20. 500,000 to 15 million eggs/season fecundity (# of eggs) vs. fertility (# of offspring)

21. Gadidae East Atlantic shoals (~1000s)

22. harvested by trawls

24. Gadidae cods ~31 sp. divided dorsal and anal fins (2-3) single hyoid barbel

25. Gadidae freshwater burbot Lota lota nostril barbels 5 ft; 60 lbs NA, Siberia (x1989 Mass.)

26. Hakes no barbels *spinous dorsal ray Phycidae phycid hakes ~27 sp. Merlucciidae merluccid hakes ~13 sp. specialized otoliths elongated dorsalray modified pelvic fins • inquiline (tenant) behavior

27. Moridae hakelings ~100 sp. benthopelagic bearded rock cod Lotella rhacinus Macrouridae grenadiers/rattails ~285 sp. modified pelvic fins otophysic +/-photophores *spined fins

28. bathypelagic grenadier Coelorhinchus Macrouridae juvenile roundhead rattail Odontomacrurus murrayi • sub/tropical 200 to 2000 m • spined dorsal • otophysic communication

29. deepwater trawls

30. Week 8: Euteleostei Neoteleostei Paracanthopterygii Percopsiformes Ophidiiformes Gadiformes Batrachoidiformes

31. Batrachoidiformes (toad-like) 1 family ~ 80 sp. dorsal spines (~shoot venom) opercular spines multiple barbels muscular pelvic fins starry toadfish Sanopus astrifer coral reefs Batrachoididae splendid toadfish Sanopus splendidus

32. oyster toadfish Opsanus tau epidermal extensions pulsed ureogenesis via gill w/liver enzymes at low tide male guarding/training shallow marine ME to Cuba

33. Northern/plainfin midshipman Porichthys notatus 600+ photophores (=reading light) inshore trash nests territorial via gas bladder sounds houseboat hull-amplified AK to Mexico

34. Week 8: Euteleostei Neoteleostei Paracanthopterygii Percopsiformes Ophidiiformes Gadiformes Batrachoidiformes Lophiiformes

35. Lophiiformes (crest-like) 18 families ~315 sp. shallow water benthic >100 m deep sea pelagic >1000 m

36. aka anglerfishes squat anglerfish Antennarius chironectes frogfish Antennarius ocellatus

37. striped anglerfish Antennarius striatus 1st dorsal ray: illicium (bony rod) esca (fleshy bait)

39. Lophiidae goosefishes ~25 sp. monkfish Lophius piscatorius Atlantic, Arctic, Indo-Pacific attacks ducks, sharks, sea turtles

40. mouth to esca 1/100 s muscular pectoral fins coordinated muscles/nerves inflatable muscle fibers Lophius piscatorius

41. Atlantic goosefish Lophius americanus suction movable rows of teeth fold backward pharyngeal plates esophagus sphincter

42. shallow water Atlantic, tropical to temperate Antennariidae frogfish ~42 sp.

43. frogfish Antennarius

44. spitlure frogfish Antennarius scaber three-spot frogfish Lophiocharon trisignatus

45. ~pelagic climbs and brakes with prehensile pectoral fins Sargassum fish Histrio histrio

46. ~ 3 million eggs per season gelatinous veil prickly anglerfish Echinophryne crassispina filamentous frogfish Rhycherus filamentosus

47. Brachionichthyidae handfishes (warty anglers) ~ 7 sp. Brachionichthys politus S. Hemisphere Ogocephalidae batfishes ~68 sp. W. Atlantic pancake batfish Halieutichthys aculeatus

48. Chaunacidae coffinfishes or sea toads ~14 sp. 90 to 2,000 m +

49. Lophiiformes (crest-like) 18 families ~315 sp. shallow water benthic >100 m deep sea pelagic >1000 m

50. deep sea Caulophrynidae ~ 5 sp.