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Genetically Modified Mosquitoes E. Justin Balido 16 March 2012

Genetically Modified Mosquitoes E. Justin Balido 16 March 2012. CURRENT MALARIA INTERVENTIONS . Indoor residual spraying Insecticide treated bed nets Larval controls . MOSQUITO RELEASE. Mosquitoes are bred to express certain traits These bred mosquitoes are released into the wild

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Genetically Modified Mosquitoes E. Justin Balido 16 March 2012

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  1. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes E. Justin Balido 16 March 2012

  2. CURRENT MALARIA INTERVENTIONS • Indoor residual spraying • Insecticide treated bed nets • Larval controls

  3. MOSQUITO RELEASE • Mosquitoes are bred to express certain traits • These bred mosquitoes are released into the wild • The released mosquitoes mate with wild mosquitoes • The next generation of wild mosquitoes is altered

  4. GOALS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOSQUITO INTERVENTIONS • Reduction of malaria incidence • Population reduction • Population replacement

  5. POPULATION REDUCTION • Sterile Insect Technique • Irradiation • Chemosterilization • Cytoplasmic incompatibility • Trangenic sterilization

  6. POPULATION REDUCTION • Successes in Anopheles • El Salvador, Anopheles albimanus • Chemosterilization

  7. POPULATION REDUCTION • Failures • El Salvador • WHO & Indian Council of Medical Research

  8. TRANSGENIC STERILIZATION • Introduction of genes that induce lethality in the offspring of mosquitoes

  9. POPULATION REPLACEMENT • Induce plasmodium resistance in anopheles mosquitoes

  10. ANIMAL STUDIES • Rodent • Proteins prevented parasite from leaving the midgut • Avian • Antibodies attack parasite in hemolymph before entering salviary glands

  11. Marshall JM, Taylor CE (2009) Malaria Control with Transgenic Mosquitoes. PLoS. 2009; 6(2)

  12. ENDOGENOUS PROMOTERS • Genes inherent in mosquitoes that will promote the production of engineered proteins

  13. ENDOGENOUS PROMOTERS • Bloodmeal-triggered • Also utilizes genes already present in mosquito to enhance immunity

  14. DRIVE SYSTEMS • Mechanisms that would help the exogenous gene spread through the population

  15. DRIVE SYSTEMS • Transposable Elements • Replicate within single host’s genome • Many obstacles

  16. DRIVE SYSTEMS • Medea • Offspring lethality

  17. TRANSGENIC FUNGI • Metarhiziumanisopliae • Induce malaria resistance • Antibody production • Peptide production

  18. FITNESS CONCERNS • Study using plasmodium resistant, plasmodium susceptible, and control • Plasmodium resistant showed less population growth • Fitness most dependent on larval survival and gravid female survival • Plasmodium resistant performed lower than other groups

  19. ADVANTAGES • Human compliance • Sustainability

  20. DISADVANTAGES • Ethical Concerns • Biosafety • Sustainability • Scale

  21. ETHICS • Religious issues • Consent

  22. BIOSAFETY • Cartagena Protocol • Precautionary Principle • Least harmful alternative

  23. SUSTAINABILITY • Gene drive success • Natural Selection • Mosquito Release Numbers

  24. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE • More research needs to be done • Each study has its own drawbacks and advantages

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