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Tri- Quarterly Review

Tri- Quarterly Review. The Colonial Period (1607 – 1763).

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Tri- Quarterly Review

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  1. Tri- Quarterly Review

  2. The Colonial Period (1607 – 1763) At the beginning of the 17th Century, England was in turmoil. A population explosion and economic upheaval left many people rootless and impoverished. Religious struggles between the Anglican Church and other religious groups created a spiritual malaise as well. The newly opened areas of the Western Hemisphere beckoned to many people as a refuge from the difficulties at home. After several failed attempts, a permanent colony was established at Jamestown, Virginia in the spring of 1607.

  3. Congregationalists (Puritans) in New England • Theocracy • Society of Friends (Quakers) in the Middle Colonies • Headright system and indentured servants in the Southern colonies • John Smith • Salem Witch Trials • House of Burgesses • Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams • First Great Awakening • Jonathan Edwards and John Winthrop • Mercantilism • Navigation Acts • Bacon’s Rebellion • Salutary Neglect • Great Britain vs. France vs. Spain

  4. The Revolutionary Period (1763 – 1783) At the conclusion of the Seven Years War (the French and Indian War in North America), Great Britain dominated North America. In the Treaty of Paris (1763), France surrendered all its holdings and the Spanish were forced to the western side of the Mississippi River. In addition, the American colonists seemed content in the British imperial system. Mercantilism rested lightly on them as they enjoyed a strong measure of home rule. George III and Parliament controlled external matters but the colonial assemblies made many local decisions. All that changed in 1763.

  5. Pontiac • Proclamation of 1763 • John Locke • Samuel Adams • Stamp Act (“no taxation without representation”) • Stamp Act Congress • Virtual Representation • Sons of Liberty • Declaratory Act • Boston Massacre • Boston Tea Party • Coercive Acts • Olive Branch Petition • Thomas Jefferson • Thomas Paine • Declaration of Independence • Loyalists • Battle of Saratoga • George Washington • Lafayette • Yorktown • Treaty of Paris (1783)

  6. The New Nation (1783 – 1801) As they snapped their political bonds with England, the colonials constructed a new government to replace the monarchy. The product of their efforts, the Articles of Confederation, was written in 1777 and not ratified until 1781 after a long wrangling over western land claims. This new government produced a “firm league of friendship” that maintained individual state equality and state sovereignty.

  7. Shays’s Rebellion • Land Ordinance of 1785 • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • James Madison • Alexander Hamilton • Annapolis • Virginia Plan vs. new Jersey Plan • Areas of contention: representation, slavery, the presidency • Great Compromise • 3/5 Compromise • Republican Motherhood • Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists • Strict construction vs. loose construction • Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalists • Jay’s Treaty and the Pinckney Treaty • Farewell Address • XYZ • Alien and Sedition Acts • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

  8. The Jeffersonian Era (1801 – 1815) and the Era of Good Feelings (1815 – 1828) Thomas Jefferson’s election over John Adams was the first transition from one political party to another. Unlike the Federalists, the Democratic Republicans supported a limited, frugal government. Jefferson’s primary goals were reductions in the central government, the national debt, the excise tax and the military. He also tried to reign in the Federalist judiciary. Despite the triumph of John Marshall in strengthening the Supreme Court, Jefferson sought to restrain its influence. The overall thrust of his governance was reducing the power of the central government and increasing the agrarian, states’ rights influence of his constituents.

  9. Louisiana Purchase • Lewis and Clark • Marbury vs. Madison • Impressment • Chesapeake and Leopard Affair • Embargo Act • Non-Intercourse Act • War Hawks vs. Doves • The War of 1812 • New Orleans • Hartford Convention • Andrew Jackson • Treaty of Ghent • Era of Good Feelings • Henry Clay’s American System • John Marshall • McCulloch vs. Maryland • Monroe Doctrine • Adams-Onis Treaty • Missouri Compromise

  10. The Age of Jackson (1828 – 1848) The presidential election of 1824 brought an end to the post-war political tranquility. With five regional candidates running, no one received an electoral majority. In a decision by the House of Representatives, John Quincy Adams was elected president after gaining support from Henry Clay, a rival candidate. Andrew Jackson, who had won a plurality of the popular vote, claimed a corrupt bargain between Clay and Adams denied him the presidency. Adams spent four difficult years in the White House trying to implement a program of economic nationalism.

  11. Corrupt Bargain • South Carolina Exposition and Protest • Indian Removal Act • Trail of Tears • Market Revolution • Nullification • Specie Circular • Pet Banks (wildcat banks) • Tariff of Abominations • Whigs • Democratization • Rise of the Common Man • Daniel Webster

  12. The Age of Reform (1830 – 1850) Responding to the transformation of America society after the War of 1812, reformers in the 1820s and 1830s began reconsidering the conventional thinking of their times. With the rise of the market revolution and the increase of urbanization and immigration in the 1820s, many Americans experienced uncertainty and anxiety as they confronted a rapidly changing society. The Second Great Awakening addressed many of these feelings.

  13. “burned over district” • Transcendentalism • Ralph Waldo Emerson • Henry David Thoreau • Utopian societies • Dorothea Dix • Temperance and the Maine Law • Stanton, Mott and Anthony • Seneca Falls and the Declaration of Sentiments • Abolition • Frederick Douglass • American Colonization Society • William Lloyd Garrison • Cult of Domesticity

  14. Expansion and Its Consequences (1840 – 1850) In the early 1840s, America increasingly viewed territorial expansion as a means to restore its confidence and prosperity. The editor John L. O’Sullivan added a divine quality to this quest when he wrote of “our manifest destiny.” Expansionist ideas also reflected America’s successful experiment with democracy, as leaders called on the nation to expand “the area of liberty” to include lands controlled by Mexico and Native Americans. In addition, for slaveholding southerners and their allies, expansion meant more land for slavery and increased influence in Congress.

  15. Texas • Santa Anna • The Alamo • San Jacinto • James K. Polk • 54 40 or fight • Mexican War • Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Mexican Cession • Wilmot Proviso • Popular Sovereignty • Free Soil Party • Gadsden Purchase • Ostend Manifesto

  16. The Civil War and Reconstruction (1850 – 1877) Violence and political upheaval marred the second half of the 1850s. When Kansas organized in 1856, “Bleeding Kansas” resulted, as antislavery and pro-slavery paramilitary forces fought to gain political ascendancy. The violence culminated with the burning of Lawrence, Kansas and John Brown’s murder of five pro-slavery settlers. Out of this lawlessness emerged the Lecompton Constitution and Kansas’ pro-slavery effort to join the Union. President James Buchanan supported this proposed state constitution, but western Democrats led by Stephen Douglas did not and defeated it in Congress. This interparty battle postponed Kansas statehood and further damaged the Democratic Party.

  17. Dred Scott • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Brooks and Sumner • John Brown • Jefferson Davis • Ft. Sumter • Border States • Habeus Corpus • U.S. Grant • Robert E. Lee • Gettysburg • Martial Law • Emancipation Proclamation • 13th, 14th , 15th Amendments • Andrew Johnson • John Wilkes Booth • Ten Percent Plan • Radical Reconstruction • Tenure of Office Act • Impeachment • Freedmen’s Bureau • Scalawags and Carpetbaggers • KKK • Compromise of 1877 • The New South

  18. America Transformed (1865 – 1900) From the end of the Civil War to the turn of the century, Americans headed west and the population of the western states and territories exploded. The federal government encouraged this migration by practically giving away land (Homestead Act), building the Transcontinental Railroad and subduing the Plains Indians. While some people who headed west took up mining and ranching, for millions of settlers farming remained the American dream. However, these farmers faced a world far different from the agrarian conditions that existed before the war. They specialized in a cash crop, marketed their products by railroad, bought costly planting and harvesting equipment and borrowed heavily. Meanwhile, cities and industrial production exploded and America became the world leader in manufacturing.

  19. Waving the bloody shirt • Chief Joseph • The Ghost Dance • A Century of Dishonor • The Dawes Act • Coxey’s Army • Frederick Jackson Turner • Granger Movement • Haymarket, Homestead, Pullman • Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Duke • The Gospel of Wealth • Knights of Labor • AFL • Pendleton Act • Jim Crow • New vs. Old Immigration • Populists • Plessy vs. Ferguson • Social Darwinism • Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Tweed and Tammany Hall • William Jennings Bryan • Samuel Gompers • Laissez-Faire

  20. America and the World (1898 – 1919) For two decades after the Civil War, the nation looked inward. Involved with westward expansion, railroad building, political scandals and economic dislocation, America was insular and mostly self-contained. Secretary of State Seward did acquire Midway Island and Alaska. However, overall, the nation was content to focus on domestic issues. All that changed in 1898. The “splendid little war” gave way to World War I and the days of an isolationist United States were coming to a close.

  21. Queen Lili • Alfred Thayer Mahan • ValerianoWeyler • Yellow Journalism • The Maine • Emilio Aguinaldo • DeLome Letter • Boxer Rebellion • Big Stick – Dollar – Moral Diplomacy • Spheres of Influence • Open Door • Roosevelt Corollary • Platt and Teller Amendments • Lusitania • Zimmerman Note • Treaty of Versailles • League of Nations • 14 Points

  22. Progressivism and the 1920s (1900 – 1929) By 1900, America was a troubled nation. The urbanization and industrialization of the late nineteenth century damaged the country’s social, economic and political systems. Business competition all but vanished, government served only the needs of the wealthy and millions of people lived in economic deprivation. To combat these problems, progressive reformers stepped forward to change America. Growing out of the Populist movement and the Social Gospel, these middle class reformers tried to restore equality and fairness to American society. Social workers like Jane Addams, authors like Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair and politicians like Robert LaFollette did their best to right the injustices of society in order to bring solutions to a wide range of abuses.

  23. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois • Ida B. Wells • Federal Reserve Act • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • The initiative, referendum and recall • City manager vs. commission • Pure Food and Drug Laws • How the Other Half Lives • The Jungle • 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments • Muckrakers • Bull Moose • Caveat emptor • Great Migration • Harlem Renaissance • Langston Hughes • I.W.W. • Palmer Raids • Nativism • Sacco and Vanzetti • John T. Scopes • Teapot Dome • Red Scare

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