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SENSOR NETWORKS

SENSOR NETWORKS. BY VENKATA MARIDU (2605469) SUBBA RAJU KANUMURI (2584857) VAMSHI AMERISHETTY (2605649). CONTENTS. Introduction Architecture Example of Architecture Applications Limitations Future of Sensor Networks Conclusion. INTRODUCTION.

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SENSOR NETWORKS

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  1. SENSOR NETWORKS BY VENKATA MARIDU (2605469) SUBBA RAJU KANUMURI (2584857) VAMSHI AMERISHETTY (2605649)

  2. CONTENTS Introduction Architecture Example of Architecture Applications Limitations Future of Sensor Networks Conclusion

  3. INTRODUCTION A Group of Sensors Spatially Distributed and Connected together with a Network Infrastructure. What is Sensor ? Why they should be Connected ?

  4. Why they should be Connected ? What is Sensor ? Accuracy Extended Ranging Extended Functionality Fail Safe Maintenance Its a special kind of input device which measures physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure ...

  5. Architecture Sensor Node Components Sensor Network Communications Sensor Network Protocols Sensor Networks Operating Systems

  6. Sensor Node Components Transducer Its an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. Ex : pressure to voltage Micro Controller The processing power is needed for routing sensor information to main monitoring unit. Memory FLASH or Different kind of ROMs used to store sensed information. Transceiver Combination transmitter/receiver in a single package Power Source Helps to run all above components. Usually DC voltage supplied by Battery, RF Inductions etc…

  7. Sensor Node Components

  8. Network Topologies • Ring • Mesh • Star • Tree • Bus • Fully Connected and many more • Type Of Architecture • Layered Architecture • Clustered Architecture Sensor Network Communication

  9. Network Topologies

  10. Base Station Larger Nodes denote Cluster Heads Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 . Base Station Layered Architecture Clustered Architecture

  11. Sensor nodes autonomously form a group called clusters. • The clustering process is applied recursively to form a hierarchy of clusters. Clustered Architecture

  12. A single powerful base-station. • Network nodes are organized into concentric Layers. • Layer: Set of nodes that have the same hop-count to the base-station. Layered Architecture

  13. Simple and Robust • Routes must converge quickly • Minimum Overhead • Resources used must be minimum, must be energy efficient • Communication • Effectively use limited bandwidth • Ease of deployment • Reasonably good performance even in harsh environments • Attribute Based naming Sensor Network Protocol : Requirements

  14. Sensor Management Protocol • Provides software operations needed to perform administrative tasks e.g. moving sensor nodes, turning them on an off • Sensor query and data dissemination protocol • Provides user applications with interfaces to issue queries and respond to queries • Sensor query and tasking language (SQTL) • Sensor MAC (S-MAC) • IEEE 802.15.4 Sensor Network Protocols

  15. Sensor Network Operating Systems • TinyOS • Contiki • MANTIS • BTnut • SOS • Nano-RK

  16. Event-driven programming model instead of multithreading • TinyOS and its programs written in nesC. Main (includes Scheduler) Sensor Network Operating Systems : Tiny OS Application (User Components) Actuating Sensing Communication Communication Hardware Abstractions

  17. Small memory footprint • non-premptable FIFO task scheduling • Power Efficient • Puts microcontroller to sleep • Puts radio to sleep • Concurrency-Intensive Operations • Event-driven architecture • Efficient Interrupts and event handling • No Real-time guarantees Sensor Network Operating Systems : Tiny OS

  18. Smart Dust Smart dust is a system of many tiny micro electro mechanical sensors.

  19. What is Smart Dust? • Smart Dust is a self-contained network of tiny motes each having the capability of sensing and monitoring the environment conditions. •  They are tiny particles which will be around the size of a grain of sand. •  They can communicate with a base station or with other motes depending on the application.

  20. How Smart Dust Works? • Smart dust motes run by a microcontroller. • Microcontrollers consist of tiny sensors for recording various types of data. • Sensors run by timers. • Timers work for specific period by powering up the sensors to collect data. • Data obtained are stored in its memory and send to the base controlling station

  21. Technologies used • Digital circuitry • Laser driven wireless communication • MEMS - Micro Electro Mechanical Sensors

  22. Digital Circuitry • To build a self contained, millimeter scale sensing & communication platform for a massively distributed sensor network. • Device will be around the size of grain of sand. • Contain sensors, computational ability, bidirectional wireless communication & a power supply.

  23. Laser driven wireless communication • Active transmitter uses a laser diode with beam steering to create a modulated optical source • Base of retro reflector is a MEMS flap that modulates the reflected beam. • To conserve power, a corner cube retro reflector with 3 mutually perpendicular faces is used

  24. MEMS • Miniature machines built in same way as integrated circuits and work on a technology called Photolithography.

  25. Features • Laser Reprogrammable • Gated clocks everywhere • Processor stall mode

  26. Generations of Smart Dust Motes • Golem Dust • Daft Dust • Flashy Dust

  27. Core functionality Specification • In order to allow us to make realistic tradeoffs, we chose the case of military base monitoring. Where thousands of Smart Dust motes are deployed outside a base to monitor vehicle movement.

  28. Smart Dust System Architecture Sensors Setup Memory Timer Bank Power Supply ADC Receiver Front End Reconfigurable Data path Components Real Time Clock CCR Driver SRAM

  29. APPLICATIONS 1- Area monitoring 2- Industrial monitoring • Machine health monitoring • Data logging • Water/Waste water monitoring 3- Environment and Habitat Monitoring 4- Natural disaster prevention • Forest fire detection • Landslide detection 5- Infrastructure security 6- Medical Applications

  30. 1- Area Monitoring: Area monitoring is a common application of Sensor Networks(SN). In area monitoring, the SN is deployed over a region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. A military example is the use of sensors detect enemy intrusion. 2- Industrial monitoring: • Machine health monitoring: Sensor networks have been developed for machinery condition-based maintenance (CBM) as they offer significant cost savings and enable new functionality. Previously inaccessible locations, rotating machinery, hazardous or restricted areas, and mobile assets can now be reached with wireless sensors.

  31. Data logging: Sensor networks are also used for the collection of data for monitoring of environmental information, this can be as simple as the monitoring of the temperature in a fridge to nuclear power plants. The statistical information can then be used to show how systems have been working. The advantage of SNs over conventional loggers is the "live" data feed that is possible. • Water/Waste water monitoring: Monitoring the quality and level of water includes many activities such as checking the quality of underground or surface water and ensuring a country’s water infrastructure for the benefit of both human and animal

  32. 3- Environment and Habitat Monitoring • Environmental monitoring involves collecting readings over time across a volume of large space enough to exhibit significant internal variation. • Environmental sensors are used to monitor relative humidity, barometric pressure and temperature. • They study vegetation responses related to climatic trends and diseases. Whereas the imaging sensors can identify, track and measure the population of birds and other species.

  33. 4- Natural disaster prevention Sensor networks can effectively act to prevent the consequences of natural disasters, like floods. Nodes have successfully been deployed in rivers where changes of the water levels have to be monitored in real time. • Forest Fire Detection: A network of Sensor Nodes can be installed in a forest to detect when a fire has started. The nodes can be equipped with sensors to measure temperature, humidity and gases which are produced by fire in the trees or vegetation. The early detection is crucial for a successful action of the firefighters, the fire brigade will be able to know when a fire is started and how it is spreading.

  34. Landslide Detection: A landslide detection system makes use of a wireless sensor network to detect the slight movements of soil and changes in various parameters that may occur before or during a landslide. Through the data gathered it may be possible to know the occurrence of landslides long before it actually happens. 5- Infrastructure security • Early detection of chemical, biological and nuclear threats. • Protection of power plants and communication centers. • Networks of video, acoustic and other sensors are deployed around these facilities

  35. When compared to Fixed sensors, Ad hoc networks can provide more flexibility and additional coverage. • MULTIPLE SENSORS provide Improved coverage, detection, and reduced false alarm rate. 6- Medical Applications • Heart rate Monitor • Oxygen saturation • Enhances emergency medical care.

  36. LIMITATIONS The cost of a single node is very important to justify the overall cost of the networks. In a sensor network, communicating nodes are linked by a wireless medium. To enable global operation, the chosen transmission medium must be available worldwide. • Radio • infrared • optical media Power consumption is more due to the operations of Sensing, Communication, Data processing

  37. FUTURE OF SENSOR NETWORKS The future developments in sensor nodes must produce very powerful and cost-effective devices, so that they may be used in applications  like underwater acoustic sensor systems, sensing base cyber physical systems, time critical applications, cognitive sensing and spectrum management,  and security and privacy management. In this section we will look into all possibilities of further development inSensor Networks applications. 

  38. Cognitive Sensing  Cognitive  sensor  networks  are  used  for  acquiring  localized  and  situated  information  of  the sensing environment by deploying a large number of sensors intelligently and  autonomically. • SpectrumManagement As application of low power wireless protocols is increasing, we can envision a future in which wireless  devices, such  as wireless  keyboards,  PowerPoint  presenters,  cell  phone  headsets, andhealth  monitoring sensors  will  be  ubiquitous.  But  the  pervasiveness  of  these  devices  leads  to increased  interference and  congestion  within  as  well  as  between  networks,  because  of  overlapping physical frequencies. 

  39. Underwater Acoustic Sensor Systems  Underwater sensor networks are designed to enable applications for oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring,  offshore  exploration,  disaster  prevention,  assisted  navigation  and  tactical  surveillance  applications.  Underwater sensors  are  also  being  in  use  for  exploration  of  natural undersea resources  and  gathering  of scientific  data.

  40. CONCLUSION Sensor Networks possible today due to technological advancement in various domains The wide range of applications will make sensor networks an integral part of our lives Sensor networks have a bright future • Many applications have been proposed • Potential to revolutionize human-computer interactions • Availability of sensors will lead to new and exciting applications A lot of research remains to be done to overcome many obstrucles.

  41. THANKYOU

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