Urban Land Use Models

1. Urban Land Use Models

2. 3 - Urban Land Use Models • Describe the structure of the central city areas. • Economic and technological advances have superseded the usefulness of these models but they still describe the basic physical structure of a city. • Common starting point is the CBD. • Models differ in how they explain the location and development of the city outside of the CBD.

3. Urban land use models • Three main types of models: Concentric zone model (Burgess 1920’s) Sector model (Hoyt 1930’s) Multiple-nuclei model (Harris and Ullman 1940’s)

4. Concentric zone model Burgess 1920’s • Views the urban area as a set of four nested rings: • 1 – transition zone: deterioration of old residential area, now high-density, low-income ghettos. • 2 – zone of “working people” residential area (older homes on small lots. • 3 – single-family house zone: population wealthy enough to afford housing choice, and able to commute. • 4 – commuter zone: low-density suburbs.

5. Burgess’s Concentric Model CBD Central Business District

6. CBD

7. Burgess’s Concentric Model CBD Central Business District Inner City

8. Inner City/wholesale light manufacturing

9. Burgess’s Concentric Model CBD Central Business District Inner City/wholesale light manufacturing Inner Suburbs/old inner city

10. Inner Suburbs/old inner city

11. Burgess’s Concentric Model CBD Central Business District Wholesale light manufacturing Low class residential(old inner city area Medium-class residential

12. Outer Suburbs/medium-class residential

13. Burgess’s Concentric Model CBD Outer Suburbs Inner City Inner Suburbs

14. Burgess’s Concentric Model

15. Modeling Cities: Burgess 1 CBD - businesses, highest land value2 Transition Zone - poorest people, blue collar used to live here3 Independent Workers - apartments, blue collar workers (walk to work)4 White Collar Homes - horse and buggy, streetcars5 Commuters - no daily contact (lettuce farmers); latertrains allow many

16. Concentric zone model • In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great fire of 1871 leveled the core • The result of rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning • Chicago became a segregated city with a concentric pattern • This was the city Burgess used for his model • The actual map of the residential area does not exactly match his simplified concentric zones

18. Hoyt – The Sector Model

19. What is the Hoyt sector model? • Hoyt proposed the idea that towns grew as sectors or wedges. • Industry grew up in one part of a 19th century town, future industries would then develop in that sector. • As the town grew, so would the area of industry and therefore would grow out in a wedge shape.

20. Hoyt – his idea.

21. A –The Central Business District (CBD) • This area contains shops, offices, banks, etc. • Land is expensive, and this area has high rents and multi storey buildings as a consequence. • There is very little space and competition is high. • Congestion levels are high. • Vegetated areas are sparse.

22. B1- Zone of Transition (Twilight zone) • This contains old industries that have been positioned in this zone for many years. • Over the past 20 years, this industry has been non-profitable and has closed. • This has led to high-unemployment. • This area should be re-developed into modern business districts.

23. B2- Low class residential housing • This group is made up of old 19th century buildings. With no gardens. • Often referred to as ‘slums’. These were the buildings that were knocked down in the 1960’s to be replaced with high rise flats. • The poorest people in the settlement live here, but is now highly admired and the place to live now (due to gentrification).

24. C- Council Estates • Semi-detached housing is found here with no gardens. • These houses are built on large estates. • Less expensive private estates can also be found here. • Often described as ‘medium class residential’ or ‘inter-war’ areas.

25. D- Commuter zone • This is a high class residential area where private, quality housing can be found. • Detached and semi-detached housing can be built on cheaper land. • Often lots of garages, big gardens, and many out buildings can be found here. • Most people commute to work from this zone as it is furthest away from the centre.

26. E- Countryside Areas • In the countryside surrounding the urban area, those seeking to escape from the urban area can live in pleasant surroundings. • However, they are still close to work. • Many satellite villages and towns surround major urban areas allowing people to live further away from the main settlement.

27. Modeling Cities: Hoyt Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes.

28. Harris-Ullman – The Multiple Nuclei Model

29. Multiple-nuclei model • Large cities develop by the spread from several nodes, not just the one CBD. • Individual nodes with specific functions (industrial, commercial, residential) developed originally due to benefits from clustering next to similar activities

30. Multiple nuclei model • The model has four geographic principles • Certain activities require highly specialised facilities • Accessible transportation for a factory • Large areas of open land for a housing tract • Certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual association • Certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same area • Certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of the most desirable locations

31. Modeling Cities: Harris-Ullman Stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity, not a single CBD. Ports, airports, universities attract certain uses while repelling others.

32. Changes in Cities in the U.S. • Developed Countries: suburbanisation • wealthy move to suburbs • automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’ • better services • wealthy move to suburbs • counterurbanisation • idyllic settings • cost of land for retirement • slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanisation and counterurbanisation U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

33. Latin American model • More complex because of influence of local cultures on urban development • Difficult to group cities of the developing world into one or two comprehensive models

35. Latin American model • In contrast to today’s cities in the U.S., the CBDs of Latin American cities are vibrant, dynamic, and increasingly specialized • A reliance on public transit that serves the central city • Existence of a large and relatively affluent population closest to CBD

36. Latin American model • Outside the CBD, the dominant component is a commercial spine surrounded by • the elite residential sector • These two zones are interrelated and called the spine/sector • Essentially an extension of the CBD down a major boulevard • Here are the city’s important amenities — parks, theaters, restaurants, and even golf courses • Strict zoning and land controls ensure continuation of these activities, protecting elite from incursions by low-income squatters

37. Latin American model • Inner-city zone of maturity • Less prestigious collection of traditional colonial homes and upgraded self-built homes • Homes occupied by people unable to participate in the spine/sector • Area of upward mobility

38. Latin American model • Zone of accretion • Diverse collection of house type, size and quality • Area of ongoing construction and change • Some neighborhoods have city-provided utilities • Other blocks must rely on water and butane delivery trucks for essential services

39. Latin American model • Zone of peripheral squatter settlements • Where most recent migrants are found • Fringe contrasts with affluent and comfortable suburbs that ring North American cities • Houses often built from scavenged material

40. Latin American model • Zone of peripheral squatter settlements • Surrounded by landscape bare of vegetation that was cut for fuel and building materials • Streets unpaved, open trenches carry wastes, residents carry water from long distances, electricity is often “pirated” • Residents who work have a long commute • Many are transformed through time into permanent neighborhoods

41. Changes in Cities in LEDCs • Urbanisation in LEDCs: • driven by changes in economy • the poor live in the suburbs, rich live in CBD • cities struggle to provide jobs and housing • services overtaxed • squatter settlements common • crime on the rise Populations of cities in LEDCs have been surging: urbanisation, migration, natural increase Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

42. Burgess’s Concentric Model CBD Central Business District 22 2222 Wholesale light manufacturing Low class residential(old inner city area High-class residential (modern suburbs) Medium-class residential