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2. Figure 3.1 Why does the abundance of water allow life to exist on the planet Earth?Figure 3.1 Why does the abundance of water allow life to exist on the planet Earth?
3. Figure 3.2 Hydrogen bonds between water moleculesFigure 3.2 Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
4. The Water Lattice Hydrogen bonds between water molecules in the liquid and solid state.
Average of 3.4 hydrogen bonds between each water molecule in the liquid state, thus a moving lattice.
Four hydrogen bonds between each water molecule in the solid state, a crystal lattice.
6. Figure 3.3 Water transport in plantsFigure 3.3 Water transport in plants
7. Surface Tension
9. Specific Heat
10. Heat of Vaporization Heat of Vaporization – The amount of energy required to convert one gram of a liquid to a vapor.
Water has a high Heat of Vaporization.
580 cal/g
Evaporative Cooling
Modifies the environment.
11. Figure 3.5 The effect of a large body of water on climateFigure 3.5 The effect of a large body of water on climate
12. Insulation of Bodies of Water by Floating Ice Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered,” making ice less dense
Water reaches its greatest density at 4°C
If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze solid, making life as we know it impossible on Earth
13. Figure 3.6 Ice: crystalline structure and floating barrierFigure 3.6 Ice: crystalline structure and floating barrier
15. Figure 3.7 Table salt dissolving in waterFigure 3.7 Table salt dissolving in water
16. Hydration Shell Figure 3.8 A water-soluble proteinFigure 3.8 A water-soluble protein
18. Moles
20. DISSOCIATION OF WATER
21. The pH Scale
The pH of a solution is defined by the negative logarithm of H+ concentration, written as pH = –log [H+]
For a neutral aqueous solution [H+] is 10–7 = –(–7) = 7
23. Figure 3.9 The pH scale and pH values of some aqueous solutionsFigure 3.9 The pH scale and pH values of some aqueous solutions
27. Figure 3.10 Acid precipitation and its effects on a forestFigure 3.10 Acid precipitation and its effects on a forest
28. Acid Rain
29. Figure 2.16 Coral reef that could be threatened by ocean acidification.Figure 2.16 Coral reef that could be threatened by ocean acidification.
