The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1907-2007

1. The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1907-2007

2. Saint James the Moor slayer

3. The Americas today

4. What will they bring next time?

5. Measles in the New World 1500-1840

6. ‘Besides the several causes of destruction, there seems to be some mysterious agency generally at work. Wherever the European has trod, death seems to pursue the aboriginal. We may look to the wide extent of the Americas, Polynesia and the Cape of Good Hope and Australia and we find the same result. Nor is it the white man alone that thus acts as the destroyer.’ Charles Darwin. The Voyage of the Beagle, 1836. Charles Darwin on conquest and disease

7. World population (millions)1200-1700. High and low estimates

8. The Pontine Marshes

9. Empires. Large, multi-ethnic or multinational political units. • Colonialism. Exclusive sovereignty of one group over another at a distance. • Colonisation. Establishment of privileges over the inhabitants of an occupied country while maintaining strong links with the country of origin. Stephen Howe. Empire. A very short introduction, 2002 Definitions

10. ‘The role of the Society is...to do justice to tropical patients and to tropical diseases and hygiene’ Sir Patrick Manson. Presidential address to the Society of Tropical Medicine 1907 Sir Patrick Manson. First President of the Society of Tropical Medicine

11. The British Empire in 1907

12. Ghana (British 1874-1957) • Kenya (British 1895-1963) • Uganda (British 1894-1962) • Tanzania [Tanganyika] (German/British 1888-1961) • Hong Kong (British 1898-1997) • Singapore (British 1824-1959) • Taiwan (Japanese 1895-1945) • India (British 1858-1950) Selected countries under colonial rule

13. Tintin in the Congo

14. Beyond the call of duty

15. Mosquito protection 1918

16. Malaria in Taiwan 1906-1941

17. Life expectancy and doctors/1000

18. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

19. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

20. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

21. General IdiAmin. Military Dictator of Uganda

22. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

23. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

24. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

25. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

26. World population 2000-2050

27. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

28. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

29. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

30. 22. The Lord shall smite thee with a consumption and with a fever, and with an inflammation, and with extreme burning... 60. Moreover he will bring upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast afraid of; and they shall cleave unto thee. 61. And every sickness and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, them will the Lord bring upon thee, until thou be destroyed. Deuteronomy 28

31. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong?

32. Unfulfilled promises • Over-commitment to Western medicine • Lack of resources • Failure to involve indigenous people • Wars, conflicts and refugees • Population growth • Urbanization • Agricultural needs • HIV/AIDS • Fake drugs, vaccines and baby foods What went wrong and who is to blame?

33. Have the world’s leaders woken up?

34. Makerere Medical School Uganda

35. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene •Australian College of Tropical Medicine •Austrian Society for Tropical Medicine and Parasitology • Belgian Society of Tropical Medicine • Brazilian Society for Tropical Medicine •Canadian Society of International Health •Central American and Caribbean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine •Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases •Danish Society for Tropical Medicine and International Health •Dutch Society of Tropical Medicine •Finnish Society for International Health •German Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health •Italian Society of Tropical Medicine •Israel Society for Parasitology, Protozoology and Tropical Diseases •Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine •Malaysian Society of Parasitology and Tropical •Netherlands Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health •Norwegian Society of Tropical Medicine• Norwegian International Health Association •Parasitology and Tropical Medicine Association of Thailand •Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene •Slovak Medical Society for Infectious and Tropical Diseases •SociedadColombiana de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical •Société de PathologieExotique •Spanish Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health •Swedish Society for Tropical Medicine •Swiss Society of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Societies of Tropical Medicine

36. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene •Australian College of Tropical Medicine •Austrian Society for Tropical Medicine and Parasitology • Belgian Society of Tropical Medicine • Brazilian Society for Tropical Medicine •Canadian Society of International Health •Central American and Caribbean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine •Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases •Danish Society for Tropical Medicine and International Health •Dutch Society of Tropical Medicine •Finnish Society for International Health •German Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health •Italian Society of Tropical Medicine •Israel Society for Parasitology, Protozoology and Tropical Diseases •Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine •Malaysian Society of Parasitology and Tropical •Netherlands Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health •Norwegian Society of Tropical Medicine• Norwegian International Health Association •Parasitology and Tropical Medicine Association of Thailand •Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene •Slovak Medical Society for Infectious and Tropical Diseases •SociedadColombiana de Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical •Société de PathologieExotique•Spanish Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health •Swedish Society for Tropical Medicine •Swiss Society of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Societies of Tropical Medicine

37. ‘Colonisation has its health aspects and was never beyond reproach or without blemish. There is one thing that ennobles it, it is the action of the doctor.’ Hubert Lautey, 1926 ‘Whatever political advantages colonisation might possess, from the biological standpoint its record is one of the greatest successes of modern history.’ Lewis Gann and Peter Duigan 1970 Judgements on colonial medicine

38. We are not wholly bad or good Who live our lives under Milk Wood And Thou, I know, will be the first To see our best side, not our worst. Dylan Thomas Under Milk Wood 1954 Envoi

39. The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1907-2007