DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH ENGLISH GRAMMAR (UNIT 6)

QUOTE • Nelson Mandela said: “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” • = direct speech (directe rede) • Nelson Mandela said thateducation is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. • = indirect / reported speech (indirecte rede)

DIRECT → INDIRECT • Tense change: • DS: “Come on, Robin, to the Bat Cave! Thereisn’t a moment tolose!” – Batman • IS: Batmansaidto Robin therewasn’ta moment tolose.

DIRECT → INDIRECT • Note: the tense of the verbneednottobeadaptedwhen the introducingverbis • in the present tense • Batmansaysto Robin thereisn’t a moment tolose. • in the present perfect tense • Batmanhas saidto Robin thereisn’t a moment tolose. • in the futuretense: • Batmanwill sayto Robin thereisn’t a moment tolose.

DIRECT → INDIRECT • Tense change: • DS: “Come on, Robin, to the Bat Cave! Thereisn’t a moment tolose!” – Batman • IS: Batmansaidto Robin therewasn’ta moment tolose. • Withthe introducingverbin the past tenseand the two speakers speaking in a different time frame, the followingadaptations have tobe made: • present tenses→ past tenses • past and present perfect tenses→ past perfect tenses

DIRECT → INDIRECT • Modals change: • DS: “Come on, Robin, to the Bat Cave! We cannotlose time!” – Batman • IS: Batmansaidto Robin theycouldnotlose time. • Whenthereis a modal inside a quote... • will becomes would • shallbecomes should • can becomes could • must becomes had to • maybecomes might

DIRECT → INDIRECT • Pronoun change: • DS: “Ijustthought of something even funnierthan 24… 25!” - Spongebob • IS: Spongebobsaidhejustthought of something even funnierthan 24, namely 25!

DIRECT → INDIRECT Note: We usually change first-person personal pronouns (I, we) tothird person (he, she, they). Thisdependscompletely on the context of the sentence!

DIRECT → INDIRECT • Time andplaceexpressions (adverbials) • DS: Yesterdaymyfriendsaid: “I’llcomeandseeyouhereat 8 o’clocktomorrowforrelationshipday.” • IS: Yesterdaymyfriendsaids/he wouldcomeandsee me thereat 8 o’clockthe next/followingday.” • Ifthere are time or placeelements in a quote, you must change itto fit the time of the reporting.

DIRECT → INDIRECT

DIRECT SPEECH • Punctuation: • Put “he said,” etc. before, in the middle, or after the quote. • Place commas, periods, question marks, and exclamation points before the closing quotation mark. Mandela said,“Education is the most powerful weapon.’ “Education is the most powerful weapon,” Mandelasaid. “Is education the most powerful weapon?” Mandelaasked.

(IN)DIRECT SPEECH: VERBS OTHER VERBS

REPORTED QUESTIONS • Example 1 (verbstructure) • DS: Bob Marleyasked: “Didyoushootthe sheriff?” • IS: Bob Marleyaskedifyoushotthe sheriff. • Example 2 (linking word in a yes/no-question) • IS: Bob Marleyaskedifyou shot the sheriff. • IS: Bob MarleyaskedwhetherI shot the sheriff with a pistol or a shotgun. (whenthere’s a choicebetweentwo items)

IMPERATIVES • When reporting commands or requests, instead of using that, use the infinitive to + verbinstead. • DS: Pharrell says: “Clap along if you feel like a room without a roof.” • IS: Pharrell says to clap along if you feel like a room without a roof.

CHECKLIST (DS – IS) • change in verb tense • change in modals • change in pronouns • change in place and time signifiers • change in demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those, etc.)

EXERCISES see hand-out see TB. pp. 119 – 123 - 124

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH