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Combustion and beyond: Alternate reactive/energy systems

7ISFS, July 11-15, 2011. Combustion and beyond: Alternate reactive/energy systems. Hai Wang University of Southern California. Energy Usage – current and future. 24 TW. 17 TW. 2010 International Energy Outlook / US DOE. Growth in Demand Comes from China.

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Combustion and beyond: Alternate reactive/energy systems

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  1. 7ISFS, July 11-15, 2011 Combustion and beyond: Alternate reactive/energy systems Hai Wang University of Southern California

  2. Energy Usage – current and future 24 TW 17 TW 2010 International Energy Outlook / US DOE

  3. Growth in Demand Comes from China 2010 International Energy Outlook / US DOE

  4. But the 2010 IEA projection was quite inaccurate

  5. Current Projection Looks Rather Gloomy 2010 International Energy Outlook / US DOE

  6. Energy Usage and Resources • Current world energy usage rate is ~17 TW.17 TW/6.7 billion people = 2.5 kW per person • World energy demand is to increase by 40%, to 24 TW by 2035. • Business-as-usual energy demand > 45 TW by the century end.1 • Fossil and fissile energy sources are finite2 • Oil: 1354 billion barrels/31 billion barrels/yr = ~40 years • Natural Gas: 187 trillion m3/3 trillion m3/yr = ~60 years • Coal: 909 billion short ton/2.5 billion short ton/yr = ~380 years • Nuclear fission (~ 50 years) Uranium: ~11.5 million ton Thorium: ~34.5 million ton 2010 International Energy Outlook / US DOE • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2001). • W.C. Sailor, “New Generation Nuclear Fission?” presented at the Aspen Global Change Institute meeting, Aspen, CO, July 2003.

  7. Greatest Technological Achievements of the 20th Century 1. Electrification 2. Automobile 3. Airplane 4. Water Supply and Distribution 5. Electronics 6. Radio and Television 7. Agricultural Mechanization 8. Computers 9. Telephone 10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 11. Highways 12. Spacecraft 13. Internet 14. Imaging 15. Household Appliances 16. Health Technologies 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Tech 18. Laser and Fiber Optics 19. Nuclear Technologies 20. High-Performance Materials U.S. NAE

  8. Greatest Technological Achievements of the 20th Century 1. Electrification 2. Automobile 3. Airplane 4. Water Supply and Distribution 5. Electronics 6. Radio and Television 7. Agricultural Mechanization 8. Computers 9. Telephone 10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 11. Highways 12. Spacecraft 13. Internet 14. Imaging 15. Household Appliances 16. Health Technologies 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Tech 18. Laser and Fiber Optics 19. Nuclear Technologies 20. High-Performance Materials U.S. NAE

  9. Greatest Technological Achievements of the 20th Century It’s all about combustion! 1. Electrification 2. Automobile 3. Airplane 4. Water Supply and Distribution 5. Electronics 6. Radio and Television 7. Agricultural Mechanization 8. Computers 9. Telephone 10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 11. Highways 12. Spacecraft 13. Internet 14. Imaging 15. Household Appliances 16. Health Technologies 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Tech 18. Laser and Fiber Optics 19. Nuclear Technologies 20. High-Performance Materials U.S. NAE

  10. NAE Grand Challenges of the 21th Century • Make solar energy economical • Provide energy from fusio • Develop carbon sequestration methods • Manage the nitrogen cycle • Provide access to clean water • Restore and improve urban infrastructure • Advance health informatics  • Engineer better medicines • Reverse-engineer the brain • Prevent nuclear terror • Secure cyberspace • Enhance virtual reality • Advance personalized learning • Engineer the tools of scientific discovery

  11. NAE Grand Challenges of the 21th Century • The transition into a fossil-fuel depleted world presents great opportunities for combustion research. • As a major driving force for 20th century achievement, combustion should continue to play a significant role in broader, renewable energy utilization. • Make solar energy economical • Provide energy from fusion • Develop carbon sequestration methods • Manage the nitrogen cycle • Provide access to clean water • Restore and improve urban infrastructure • Advance health informatics  • Engineer better medicines • Reverse-engineer the brain • Prevent nuclear terror • Secure cyberspace • Enhance virtual reality • Advance personalized learning • Engineer the tools of scientific discovery

  12. Renewable Resources Solar 1.2 x 105 TW on Earth’s surface 36,000 TW on land Wind 2-4 TW extractable Biomass 5-7 TW gross (world) 0.29% efficiency for all cultivatable land not used for food Tide/Ocean Currents 2 TW gross Hydroelectric 4.6 TW gross (world) 1.6 TW technically feasible 0.6 TW installed capacity Geothermal 9.7 TW gross www.msd.anl.gov/events/colloquium/docs/GWC_Solar2_1-06.ppt

  13. Areas where Combustion Can Help • Direct Biomass – Biofuel combustion • Indirect Wind power – Carbon fibreLight weight, high strength, cost Solar – Photovoltaic thin filmsHigh efficiency & stability, cost Energy storage – Li ion batteriesFast charging, good discharging rate, cost

  14. Solar Resources Solar 1.2 x 105 TW on Earth’s surface 36,000 TW on land 17 TW/36,000 TW on land (world)/15% efficiency = 0.3% land World land mass: 13,056 million hectares × 0.3% ~ 400,000 km2 (the size of Iraq)

  15. Challenge for Solar Energy – cost, cost, cost ! Advanced combined cycle w CCS Conventional turbine Photovoltaic Conventional combined cycle Offshore Advanced combined cycle Advanced turbine Onshore with CCS Conventional Advanced Thermal Coal Solar Wind Hydro Nuclear Biomass Natural Gas Geothermal

  16. NREL Timeline of Solar Cell Efficiency

  17. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) • Michael Gratzel (1991)

  18. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) E (V) S* -0.5 maximum Voltage ~0.75 V 0.0 hu red (I-) ox (I3-) 0.5 Redox mediator 1.0 e- e- Transparent conducting glass TiO2 dye electrolyte Transparent conducting glass e- S Photoanode: Currently the most costly part in DSSCs

  19. Photoanode and its Preparations • Nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films (~10 mm thickness) • Ideal particle size: 10-30 nm • Particles are single crystals • Anatase performs better (versus rutile) • Current technique for anode fabrication • Commercial TiO2 powder (from combustion processes) • Making a paste/paint & screen printing • Sinter at 450 ◦C (glass substrate only) • For DSSC applications: Staining with a dye

  20. Synthesis Method – Premixed Stagnation Flame Tmax Flame Stabilizer Stagnation flame vO burner-stabilized flame Tubularburner Carrier gas Ar vO C2H4/O2/Ar Shielding Ar TTIP/Ar TTIP Electric mantle

  21. Flame Structure (Ethylene-oxygen-argon, f = 0.4) Stagnation surface Particle nucleation/ 2500 growth region 2000 (K) 1500 T 1000 500 500 Particle nucleation/ growth region 400 300 (cm/s) Axial Velocity 200 v 100 Laminar flame speed 0 10 0 CO H O 2 2 O 2 10 -1 C H 2 4 CO Mole Fraction 10 -2 10 -3 H 2 H 10 -4 Computations used the Sandia counterflow flame code and USC Mech II 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Distance from the Nozzle, (cm) x

  22. Flame Stabilized on Rotating Surface (FSRS) • Particle synthesis and film deposition in a single-step • Drastically reduced cost for film preparation

  23. Stagnation Flame Film Preparation Short growth time aided by thermophoresis = small size + narrow distributions Mesoporous film Nanoparticles Nucleation, coagulation TiO2 Vapor Decomposition & oxidation TTIP

  24. Typical Synthesis Flames • Aerodynamically shaped nozzle (D = 1 cm) • Nozzle-to-disc distance (L = 3.4 cm) • Diameter of rotating disc 30.5 cm (0 to 600 RPM) • 3.96%C2H4-26.53%O2-Ar, f = 0.45, v0 = 302 cm/s • Adiabatic flame temperature = 2250 K • Laminar flame speed (calc) = 96 cm/s • Flame diameter = 3 cm • Flame-to-disc distance = 0.29±0.03 cm • Measured maximum temperature = 2124 K

  25. Particle Properties – Effect of Disc Rotation Speed 10 nm wrad = 300 RPM 306 PPM TTIP 1070 PPM TTIP

  26. Particle Morphology & Film Properties 10 nm wrad = 300 RPM 306 PPM TTIP 1070 PPM TTIP 5 minute • Typically 5 mm/min • Net deposition rate = ~ 1 mm/sec • Film is highly porous but uniform 14 mm Alumina substrate @ 1070 ppm TTIP, 300 RPM

  27. DSSC Performance 9% photoefficiency @ AM1.5

  28. Combustion Issues • Large area deposition: Scale up a pseudo one-dimensionalpremixedstagnationslot flame to several meters wide. • The flame must be stable and never undergo extinction locally or globally. • Heat release and management. • Nanoparticle chemistry and transport in highly reacting flow. • Flame aerosol kinetics and dynamics.

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