A Y-DNA STUDY OF 60 RELATED FAMILIES WITHIN A UNIQUE JEWISH CLUSTER

1. A Y-DNA STUDY OF 60 RELATED FAMILIES WITHIN A UNIQUE JEWISH CLUSTER HOW DNA FOUND THE GENEALOGICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN SEEMINGLY DISPARATE FAMILIES HERBERT HUEBSCHER, SAUL ISSROFF, MD, ELISE FRIEDMAN & ROBERTO HÜBSCHER

2. A JEWISH POPULATION CLUSTER DISCOVERED SEEMINGLY DISPARATE FAMILIES CONNECTED BY Y-DNA A JEWISH COMMON PATERNAL ANCESTOR SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS AGO HOW THE PROJECT CAME TO PASS WHAT WE HAVE FOUND OUT WHERE WE GO FROM HERE

3. HOW IT ALL STARTED A CONVENTIONAL DNA BASED SURNAME PROJECT EXACT MATCH WITH ONLY ONE PERSON IN FTDNA DATABASE DISCOVERY OF SHARED ANOMALIES A FEW OTHER FAMILIES WITH THE SAME ANOMALIES A NAME: THE “WIRTH” GROUP

4. Y-DNA BASICS • BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS - NUCLEOTIDES: • ADENINE, GUANINE, THYMINE , CYTOSINE • A, G, T,C • REPEAT IN PATTERNS OF FOUR, E.G.: • AGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTC • (8 REPEATS) • CALLED “SHORT TANDEM REPEATS – STR” • EACH MARKER, OR LOCUS CONTAINS A NUMBER OF REPEATS (FROM A FEW TO 30+) • NUMBER OF REPEATS IS THE VALUE AT EACH LOCUS – E.G. 8

5. EXAMPLE OF MARKERS,VALUES, STR’s

6. HERB’S 12-MARKER Y-DNA • EACH VALUE REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF STR’s AT EACH MARKER/LOCUS FOR EACH PERSON • VALUE 23 AT MARKER 2 IS A MUTATION

7. HERB’S 25-MARKER DNA NOTE THAT MARKER 23 VALUE = 13.1 AND TWO EXTRA 16 VALUES AFTER MARKER 25

8. HERB & SAUL’S ANOMALIES • TWO ANOMALIES: • MARKER 23 VALUE NOT 13 ,BUT 13.1 • EXTRA 26TH AND 27TH MARKERS, COPIES OF 25TH, VALUE 16

9. WIRTH GROUP ANOMALIES • TWO ANOMALIES: • MARKER 23 VALUE NOT 13, BUT 13.1 • EXTRA 26TH AND 27TH MARKERS, COPIES OF 25TH, VALUE 16

10. FIVE WIRTH FAMILIESWOLINSKY ISSROFF ROSSOFF TENENBAUM HUBSCHER WOLINSKYISSROFFROSSOFFTENENBAUMHUBSCHER FARKAS FINK GLAZER R. HERMAN SCHERER MOKOTOFF PALEVSKY ROSA RICKMAN RUSSLER SACHAR SINGER F. SPERTUS P. SPERTUS GREENSPAN BERGER CAPLAN FRIEDMAN NATHAN TOBIN LOURIE L. LOURIE SINAI KAPLAN YORKS PERLEN TUERK DRUCKER MANN SCHWARTZ KRASNOF WEINGROD NITZ DAITCH FURMANSKY LEVY FEINBERG BERLANT WATERMAN SWANEY LUCK FLEISCHMAN WEISS SALOWE ISSEROW RUBIN POLACK HOLLANDER MILLERA. HERMAN ISSEROW GUSSOW LEVINE KANTOR KAISER ROSARIOS METZENBERG

11. 62 WIRTH FAMILIESWOLINSKY ISSROFF ROSSOFF TENENBAUM HUBSCHER WOLINSKYISSROFFROSSOFFTENENBAUMHUBSCHER FARKAS FINK GLAZER R. HERMAN SCHERER MOKOTOFF PALEVSKY ROSA RICKMAN RUSSLER SACHAR SINGER F. SPERTUS P. SPERTUS GREENSPAN BERGER CAPLAN FRIEDMAN NATHAN TOBIN LOURIE L. LOURIE SINAI KAPLAN YORKS PERLEN TUERK DRUCKER MANN SCHWARTZ KRASNOF WEINGROD NITZ DAITCH FURMANSKY LEVY FEINBERG BERLANT WATERMAN SWANEY LUCK FLEISCHMAN WEISS SALOWE ISSEROW RUBIN POLACK HOLLANDER MILLERA. HERMAN ISSEROW GUSSOW LEVINE KANTOR KAISER ROSARIOS METZENBERG

12. A GENEALOGICAL PUZZLE DIFFERENT SURNAMES DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGINS NO KNOWN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 62 FAMILIES 51 PRESENTLY JEWISH – 11 NOT EIGHT KNEW OF JEWISH ANCESTRY ONE CASE A REAL SURPRISE: ROSA FAMILY FROM PUERTO RICO

13. LOOKING FOR ANSWERS TO THE PUZZLE WHEN DID THE COMMON ANCESTOR LIVE? WHERE? ASHKENAZI OR SEPHARDI? LEVITE OR ISRAELITE? HOW ARE THE FAMILIES WITHIN THE GROUP RELATED TO EACH OTHER? HOW MANY OF US ARE THERE IN THE WORLD?

14. SOME PUZZLE ANSWERS – OUR PRESENTATION TODAY HOW THE PROJECT STARTED DNA ANOMALIES THE WIRTH GROUP DNA TESTS, RESULTS, MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR (MRCA) EARLIEST KNOWN GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS DNA/GEOGRAPHICAL CORRELATIONS WITHIN THE GROUP PHYLOGENETIC TREE WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE MRCA, THE GROUP, AND THE CLUSTER WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

15. DNA TESTS & RESULTS ALL TESTING BY FAMILY TREE DNA Y-DNA TESTS OF 81 PERSONS MAKING UP THE 62 FAMILIES 67-MARKER RESULTS FOR 61 FAMILIES (ONE IN PROCESS) HOW WELL DO THE 61 FAMILIES MATCH? Let’s Look at the 67-Marker Results….

16. 61 FAMILIES – 67 MARKERS Yellow = One step up mutation (increase in value) Orange = Two step up mutation Red = Weird/unusual mutation Aqua = One step down mutation (decrease in value) Dark Blue = Two step down mutation

17. WIRTH MODAL HAPLOTYPE MARKERS 1 THROUGH 67

18. 61 FAMILIES MUTATIONS ONLY Yellow = One step up mutation (increase in value) Orange = Two step up mutation Red = Weird/unusual mutation Aqua = One step down mutation (decrease in value) Dark Blue = Two step down mutation

19. DEGREE OF MATCHING – 61 FAMILIES AT 67 MARKERS REFERENCE: WIRTH MODAL HAPLOTYPE COMPARE EACH FAMILY’S MODAL HAPLOTYPE WITH WIRTH MODAL GENETIC DISTANCE (GD) IS THE NO. OF MUTATIONS AWAY FROM WIRTH MODAL CONSTRUCT TABLE: NO. OF FAMILIES AT EACH VALUE OF GD Let’s Look at the Table….

20. DEGREE OF MATCHING61 FAMILIES AT 67 MARKERS

21. WHEN DID THE ANCESTOR LIVE? ESTIMATES ARE POSSIBLE, BASED ON Y-DNA MUTATION RATE DATA USED TWO INDEPENDENT MODELS TO ESTIMATE TIME BACK TO COMMON ANCESTOR (TMRCA): FTDNA TiP (TIME PREDICTOR) BEST FIT TO DISTRIBUTION OF GDs: (5, 9, 16, 11, 10, 7, 3)

22. FTDNA TiP USING FTDNA TiP, COMPARED 57 FAMILY MODAL HAPLOTYPES WITH WIRTH MODAL HAPLOTYPE EXAMINED 52 PAIRINGS THREE ASSUMPTIONS: MRCA LIVED BEFORE 1700 CE AVERAGE SEPARATION BETWEEN GENERATIONS = 30 YEARS DNA TESTED GENERATION DOB = 1940 CALCULATED AVERAGE OF ALL RESULTS

23. 52 COMPARISONS – RESULTS 50% PROBAB’Y WITHIN 321 YEARS 75% PROBAB’Y WITHIN 384 YEARS 95% PROBAB’Y WITHIN 510 YEARS

24. BEST FIT TO GD DISTRIBUTION ACTUAL GD DIST’N: 5,9,16,11,10,7,3 AVG MUTATION RATE (PROBAB’Y) PER MARKER PER GENERATIONAL STEP = 0.0031 = 0.31% (Kerchner Data) BEST FIT OF ACTUAL GD DIST’N TO EXPECTED BINOMIAL SERIES USED AUTOMATIC TMRCA CALCULATOR (Whit Athey Model) Let’s Look at the Result....

25. TMRCA CALCULATOR RESULT (BASED ON BEST DIST’N FIT) MOST LIKELY TMRCA = 13.7 GENERATIONS MOST LIKELY LIFE DATE OF MRCA = ca. 1529 CE(FOR 61 FAMILIES) CONSISTENT WITH TiP RESULTS:

26. TMRCA CALCULATOR RESULT (BASED ON BEST DIST’N FIT) MOST LIKELY TMRCA = 13.4 GENERATIONS MOST LIKELY LIFE DATE OF MRCA = ca. 1538 CE(FOR 62 FAMILIES) CONSISTENT WITH TiP RESULTS:

27. WIRTH GROUP EARLIEST KNOWN GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS UKRAINE: 18 LITHUANIA: 10 BELARUS: 8 POLAND: 7 MOLDOVA: 2 ROMANIA: 2 GERMANY: 1 CZECH REP: 1 HUNGARY: 1 PUERT RICO: 1 UNK/OTHER: 8

28. ORIGINS OF WIRTH FAMILIES

29. ROSA FAMILY ORIGIN ON PUERTO RICO Santo Domingo

30. ROSA FAMILY ORIGINON P. R. – CLOSE UP

31. ORIGINS IN EUROPE AND PALE Match Level

32. ASHKENAZI OR SEPHARDI? EVIDENCE IN BOTH DIRECTIONS ESTIMATED LIFE DATE OF MRCA CONSISTENT WITH EITHER FOR ASHKENAZIC CASE: EARLIEST KNOWN GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGINS PREDOMINANTLY IN PALE OF SETTLEMENT MOST FAMILIES HAVE NO KNOWLEDGE OF EARLIER ROOTS – ASHKENAZI OR SEPHARDIC FOR SEPHARDIC CASE: ROSA FAMILY FROM PUERTO RICO FOUR OTHER FAMILIES’ DEFINITVE ORAL HISTORIES TELL OF SEPHARDIC ORIGINS

33. ROSA AND FOUR OTHER FAMILIES ROSA FAMILY EARLIEST KNOWN ORIGIN: SATURNINO ROSA B. 1869 IN AGUADA, P.R. UNTIL LATE 1800’s, VIRTUALLY NO DECLARED JEWS IN P.R. ANY PERSON WITH “JEWISH BLOOD” (OUR Y-DNA) MOST LIKELY A CONVERSO HIGHLY SUGGESTIVE OF SEPHARDIC ROOTS FOR ROSA FAMILY FOUR OTHER WIRTH FAMILIES WITH CREDIBLE ORAL HISTORIES OF SEPHARDIC ROOTS

34. ASHKENAZI OR SEPHARDI? THE JURY STILL IS OUT LEANING TOWARDS SEPHARDIC ORIGIN BASIS FOR SEPHARDIC HYPOTHESIS: COMPELLING EVIDENCE OF ROSA CASE FOUR OTHER FAMILIES’ ORAL HISTORIES TEST SEPHARDIC HYPOTHESIS BY RESEARCHING ROSA ANCESTRAL TRAIL BACK IN TIME

35. NEXT QUESTION: LEVITE OR ISRAELITE? 8 FAMILIES KNOW OF THEIR LEVITE STATUS OTHERS HAVE NO KNOWLEDGE OF LEVITE STATUS LEVITE STATUS FOLLOWS EXACTLY SAME PATH AS Y-DNA: FATHER TO SON TO SON… IF ONE FAMILY IS LEVITE, WE ALL SHOULD BE LEVITES! How Can This Be Explained??

36. POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS SHORTAGE OF LEVITES CAUSED SOME TO BE “APPOINTED” SOME FALSELY CLAIMED TO BE LEVITES LEVITE STATUS FORGOTTEN OR FADED AWAY OVER GENERATIONS IN MAJORITY OF CASES HÜBSCHER FAMILY ONE CASE IN POINT: STATUS FORGOTTEN, THEN REMEMBERED A Quick Look at Some Evidence…

37. MARRIAGE CONTRACT

38. SAM’S MARRIAGE CONTRACT

39. SHULEM BAR MORDECHAI HALEVI

40. TWO RECENTLY DISCOVERED LEVITES

41. LEVITE EXPLANATIONS – CONCLUDED SHORTAGE OF LEVITES CAUSED SOME TO BE “APPOINTED” SOME FALSELY CLAIMED TO BE LEVITES LEVITE STATUS FORGOTTEN OR FADED AWAY OVER GENERATIONS IN MAJORITY OF CASES HÜBSCHER FAMILY CASE IN POINT: STATUS FORGOTTEN, THEN REMEMBERED GUSSOW FAMILY ANOTHER EXAMPLE MRCA WAS A LEVITE Next: DNA and Geographic Correlation

42. DNA AND GEOGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS TUERK AND PERLEN FAMILIES SERNIK & LAHYSHIN NEAR PINSK, BELARUS LEVY, WATERMAN, AND MILLER WARSAW AND A LEVITE STORY HÜBSCHER AND FARKAS GALICIA AND NEARBY ROMANIA ISSROFF AND ISSEROW LITHUANIA LITVAKS AND GALITZIANERS

43. USE WIRTH MODAL HAPLOTYPE AS REFERENCE • MODAL VALUES IN BLACK • ON FOLLOWING SLIDES, VALUES OFF MODAL SHARED BY FAMILIES SHOWN IN RED

44. TUERK & PERLEN FAMILIES: MATCHING DNA AND ORIGINS PERLEN TUERK

45. LEVY, WATERMAN, MILLER • ALL ORIGINS WARSAW • ALL SHARE VALUE 25 AT MARKER #18 • ALL SHARE “POST-WIRTH ANOMALY”: 16, 0, 0, 35 • WATERMAN 16 AT MARKER #6 • MILLER 11 AT MARKER #65 • LEVY AND WATERMAN KNOW OF LEVITE ANCESTRY

46. HÜBSCHER AND FARKAS HÜBSCHER 104 miles FARKAS Baia Mare Match Level

47. ISSROFF AND ISSEROW o ISSEROW 14 miles Ziemelis Zeimelis ISSROFF Linkuva Match Level

48. LITVAKS AND GALITZIANERS DIFFERENCES? DNA DEBUNKS THE LITVAK/GALITZIANER DIVIDE THE TWO FOUNDERS OF THE WIRTH GROUP ARE ONE GALITZIANER AND ONE LITVAK MRCA WAS NEITHER A LITVAK NOR A GALITZIANER – DNA JOINS US ALL! Next: Phylogenetic Tree Match Level

49. PHYLOGENETIC TREE Family tree developed from Y-DNA results Visualize relationships between the WIRTH families, in lieu of paper trail 67-marker phylogenetic tree Correlation between genetic proximity and geographic proximity Software: Y-Utility: http://www.mymcgee.com/tools/yutility.html?mode=ftdna_mode Network by Fluxus Engineering: http://www.fluxus-engineering.com/

50. PHYLOGENETIC TREE67 MARKERS - 2007 Modal plus 2 families. 2 families. 1 family.