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History of Israel

Pre-human occupation of the land area that became state of Israel dates to 200,000 B.C.E. Land of Israel has been a Jewish Holy Land and Promised Land for four thousand years, since the time of the patriarchs.

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History of Israel

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  1. Pre-human occupation of the land area that became state of Israel dates to 200,000 B.C.E. Land of Israel has been a Jewish Holy Land and Promised Land for four thousand years, since the time of the patriarchs. • Starting around the eleventh century, the first of a series of Jewish Kingdoms and states established rule over the region that lasted more than the millennium. • The first historical record of the Word Israel comes from an Egyptian stele documenting military campaigns in Canaan. It is dated to approximately 1211 B.C.E. History of Israel

  2. Creation of the State of Israel • The creation of Israel is important because the Jews were promised land after World War 2. This is also important because this created more trouble between Palestine and Israel. As shown in the map at the bottom of the page, Palestine is losing land year by year. • On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel. The British relinquished their mandate over Palestine in 1948. War broke out between the Arabs and Jews soon after. The 1948 Arab-Israeli War, established the state of Israel as an independent state, with the rest of the British Mandate of Palestine split into areas controlled by Egypt and Transjordan.

  3. The Romans named the geographic area, in an attempt to erase Jewish ties to the land. The Jewish presence remained the same. • The population shifted from the Judea region the Galilee. • The Hebrew alphabet was invented around 638 C.E.

  4. Theodor herzl (1860-1904) Adolf Hitler • Theodor Herzl founded the Zionist movement. • He was a Austro-Hungarian Jew. • 1896, he published Der Judenstaat which is “The Jewish State” • Jewish immigration continued in the 3rd and 4th waves after World War I. • Adolf came into power in Germany in 1933 until the beginning of World War II in 1939. German Jews moved to Palestine from 1929-1939) • During 1939- 1945 German Nazis killed more than 6 million Jews in the Holocaust. • This caused to form a Jewish state. • Jewish population increased from 83,790 in 1922 to 608,230 in 1945. Immigration

  5. There came a truce between Arabs in Palestine and the British lasted through World War II. • When the war ended there was violence. • United Nations General Assembly approved the 1947 UN Partition Plan and divided the territory into two states. • The Jews gained 55% of the land. • Arabs gained 45% Truce

  6. Accordingly we, members of the people’s council, representatives of the Jewish community of Eretz- Israel and of the Zionist movement, are here assembled on the day of the termination of the British mandate over Eretz- Israel and, by virtue of our natural and historic right and on the strength of the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly, hereby declare the establishment of a Jewish State in Eretz- Israel, to be known as the state of Israel. WE DECLARE that, with effect from the moment of the termination of the Mandate being tonight, the eve of Sabbath, the 6th Iyar, 5708 (15th May, 1948), until the establishment of the elected, regular authorities of the State in accordance with the Constitution which shall be adopted by the Elected Constituent Assembly not later than the 1st October 1948, the People's Council shall act as a Provisional Council of State, and its executive organ, the People's Administration, shall be the Provisional Government of the Jewish State, to be called "Israel". . THE DECLARATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL

  7. THE STATE OF ISRAEL is prepared to cooperate with the agencies and representatives of the United Nations in implementing the resolution of the General Assembly of the 29th November, 1947, and will take steps to bring about the economic union of the whole of Eretz-Israel. • WE APPEAL to the United Nations to assist the Jewish people in the building-up of its State and to receive the State of Israel into the comity of nations. WE APPEAL - in the very midst of the onslaught launched against us now for months - to the Arab inhabitants of the State of Israel to preserve peace and participate in the upbuilding of the State on the basis of full and equal citizenship and due representation in all its provisional and permanent institutions. • WE EXTEND our hand to all neighboring states and their peoples in an offer of peace and good neighborliness, and appeal to them to establish bonds of cooperation and mutual help with the sovereign Jewish people settled in its own land. The State of Israel is prepared to do its share in a common effort for the advancement of the entire Middle East. WE APPEAL to the Jewish people throughout the Diaspora to rally round the Jews of Eretz-Israel in the tasks of immigration and up building and to stand by them in the great struggle for the realization of the age-old dream - the redemption of Israel. • PLACING OUR TRUST IN THE "ROCK OF ISRAEL", WE AFFIX OUR SIGNATURES TO THIS PROCLAMATION AT THIS SESSION OF THE PROVISIONAL COUNCIL OF STATE, ON THE SOIL OF THE HOMELAND, IN THE CITY OF TEL-AVIV, ON THIS SABBATH EVE, THE 5TH DAY OF IYAR, 5708 (14TH MAY,1948). State of Israel

  8. Israel war of Independence

  9. 26 July 1956The Egyptian President, Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser, announces the Egyptian nationalization of the Suez Canal and its operating Suez Canal Company in retaliation to the reneging of an agreement by the American and British Governments to finance the construction of the Aswan Dam. The Suez Canal represented the main source of supply of oil for Britain and France and the potential loss of those supplies represented an economic threat that they could ill ignore. 27 JulyThe British Prime Minister, Sir Anthony Eden, forms the Egypt Committee, consisting of himself, Lord Salisbury (Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords), Lord Home (the Commonwealth Secretary), and Harold Macmillan (the Chancellor of the Exchequer) to co-ordinate Britain's intent to recover her access to the Suez Canal. The Foreign Secretary, Selwyn Lloyd and the Defense Minister Sir Walter Monckton were later members of the Egypt Committee. 16-23 AugustA conference of nations meets in London in an attempt to find a diplomatic solution and adopts eighteen proposals which include an offer to Nasser of Egyptian representation on the Suez Canal Company board and a share in its profits. 3-9 SeptemberThe Australian Prime Minister, Sir Robert Menzies, travels to Cairo to offer Nasser the eighteen proposals which he rejects. Meanwhile, the US Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, seeks to distance the US Government from support for military intervention, ever mindful of President Eisenhower's hopes for re-election in the November US Presidential election. 19-21 SeptemberA second conference of nations is held in London to discuss American proposals for a Suez Canal Users Association to ensure continued international use of the Canal. • 13 OctoberThe USSR vetoes the American plan in the United Nations Security Council. • 14 OctoberSir Anthony Eden holds secret discussions with French officials over a military operation to recover use of the Canal. The talks result in the formation of a plan by which Israel would invade Egypt and thus allow British and French forces to seize the Canal as an act of intervention between warring nations. • 22-24 OctoberThe British Foreign Secretary, Selwyn Lloyd, concludes the agreement with French and Israeli officials at Sèvres, France. The British copy of the resulting Sèvres Protocol is subsequently destroyed on Eden's orders. • 25 OctoberEden gains approval for military intervention from a divided cabinet. An increasingly sidelined Foreign Office is split over the Government's intention to adopt military measures. • 29 OctoberIsraeli forces invade Egypt. • 30 OctoberThe British and French ultimatum for an end to hostilities is rejected by Nasser. • 5-6 NovemberOn the night of 5-6 November, British and French troops invade Port Said and take control of the Suez Canal. In a meeting of the British cabinet on 6 November, Harold Macmillan raises stark warnings of economic peril as a result of the action. Macmillan had previously been one of the strongest supporters of resolute action. The US Presidential election results in the re-election of President Eisenhower. • 7 NovemberThe United States, USSR and the United Nations condemn British and French military action. The loss of confidence and American backing for the already weak British economy forces Eden into calling a cease-fire. British public opinion is deeply divided over the use of force. • 9 January 1957Under the impact of the Crisis, Eden's already fragile health has deteriorated to such an extent that he is forced to resign. Ill health or not, politically Eden's premiership had little future. • 10 JanuaryHarold Macmillan replaces Eden as Prime Minister. Suez Crisis

  10. The war was a disaster for the Arab world and temporarily weakened the man who was seen as the leader of the Arabs – Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt. The war was a military disaster for the Arabs but it was also a massive blow to the Arabs morale. Here were four of the strongest Arab nations systematically defeated by just one nation. • The success of the campaign must have surprised the Israelis. However, it also gave them a major problem that was to prove a major problem for the Israeli government for decades. By capturing the Sinai, the Golan Heights and the West Bank of the Jordan River, the Israelis had captured for themselves areas of great strategic value. However, the West Bank also contained over 600,000 Arabs who now came under Israeli administration. Their plight led many young Arabs into joining the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), a group that the Israelis deemed a terrorist organization. Israeli domestic policies became a lot more complicated after the military successes of June 1967. Six Day War

  11. Negotiated under the tutelage of then U.S. president Jimmy Carter, the Egyptian-Israeli treaty was a bold diplomatic stroke that followed several bitter and costly wars between Israel and its Arab neighbors, including Egypt. As a result, Sadat and Begin shared the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. Sadat, however, was assassinated two years later by fundamentalist Egyptian army officers. Mubarak took over as his country’s leader and faithfully preserved the treaty ever since, earning him the fervent gratitude of both the White House and Israel — not that their thanks proved to be of much practical use on Feb. 11, when he fled Cairo by helicopter. Nowadays, relations between Egypt and Israel are often referred to as a “cold peace,” with no love lost between the two sides but with no armed conflict, either. In 1994, Jordan became only the second Arab country to make peace with its Jewish neighbor and to exchange ambassadors. “The fact is Israel exists,” said Nermine Shoukry, a medical doctor at Cairo’s Helway University who was chatting with friends in Al-Azhar Park on Saturday. “We have to deal with it. The Egyptian people are for peace.” Israel makes peace with Egypt

  12. 1990-1991 Israel was hit by Iraq with 39 missiles. The missiles didn’t hit anyone directly but some deaths occurred from incorrect use of gas masks. • PLO supported Saddam Hussein. • The first peace talks between Israel and Palestinian Arabs gave the Palestinians full responsibility for the Gaza Strip and Jericho. Gulf War

  13. Oslo Accords The process began in January 1993 in a meeting with two Israelis Both parties spoke of an Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and the transfer of economic responsibilities in Judea and Samaria to the Palestinians The signing of the declaration had dramatic consequences for the policy of Israel towards the PLO. Israel acknowledged the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people and announced on its intent to begin negotiations, as a part of a comprehensive peace process in the Middle East. Arafat, in the name of the PLO, acknowledged Israel’s right for a safe and peaceful existence. Arafat committed himself to the peace process and to work towards a peaceful solution to the conflict; he obliged to abstain from the use of terror and violent acts; he acknowledged the United Nations’ Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 and had guaranteed to approve the necessary changes in the Palestinian manifest in the Palestinian National Council mainly concerning chapters contradicting the declaration or disapproving of Israel’s right for independence. The accords were controversial within the Israeli public and the Knesset. The left-wing parties were supportive, but right-wing parties were highly critical: Rabin was accused of legitimizing a leader and an organization which he himself slandered in the past; other accusations concerned the relinquishment of the historical homeland of the Jewish people while undermining Israel’s safety.Following two days of debates in the Knesset on the Government’s announcement, a motion of no-confidence was raised on September 23rd 1993 in regard to the signing of the declaration. This motion was dismissed by 61 Knesset Members, while 50 voted in favor and 8 abstained.The declaration of principles was instrumental for the future Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area (signed in May 1994) and the Taba Agreement (signed in July 1995).

  14. Gaza withdrawal • Prime Minister Ariel Sharon announced his intention to stage a unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and a small part of the West Bank, and the actual pullout in 2005. • 18 December 2003: Sharon announces that Israel intends undertaking a unilateral separation from territories occupied in the 1967 Middle East War. A goal of the plan is to create maximum security for Israel, and reduce friction with the Palestinians to a minimum. • February 3, 2004 - In an interview with the Ha'aretz daily, Sharon announces that the withdrawal will encompass all settlements in the Gaza Strip, and some isolated ones in the West Bank. • May 2, 2004 - Sharon is humiliated when, in a referendum, members of his Likud party vote against the withdrawal. The premier says the pullout will go ahead, irrespective. • June 6, 2004 - The Israeli government approves the withdrawal plan, but disgruntled ministers from a small nationalist party resign in protest. • July 25, 2004 - In the largest demonstration against the planned withdrawal, 130,000 people form a human chain stretching from the Western Wall in the Old City of Jerusalem to Gush Katif in the Gaza Strip. • October 26, 2004 - The Israeli Knesset gives preliminary approval to the withdrawal plan, with 67 legislators voting in favor, 45 against and nine abstaining.

  15. February 16, 2005 - The Knesset gives final backing to the plan, by a vote of 59 in favor, 40 against and 5 abstentions. • August 7, 2005 - Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, the most visible opponent of the pullout within Sharon's Likud Party, resigns from the cabinet. • August 15, 2005: Israel closes off the Gaza Strip to Israelis. • August 17, 2005 - The forced evacuation of the 8,000 Gaza settlers begins. • August 19 - Israeli troops begin destroying homes evacuated by settlers. • August 23, 2005 -Israel evacuates four isolated settlements in the northern West Bank. • September 11, 2005 - The last Israeli soldiers leave the Strip, 38 years after an Israeli armored division led by Major-General Yisrael Tal captured the enclave from Egypt in the 1967 Middle East War. • September 12, 2005 - The Kissufim crossing gate is closed, completing the pullout. Timeline of events: Gaza withdrawal

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