UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY/QC REPORTS Maya Murshak – Merit Laboratories, Inc.

1. UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY/QC REPORTSMaya Murshak – Merit Laboratories, Inc.

2. Why are we having this class? • Understand a “Level I” report. • Analytical results • Define quality in the laboratory and how it is represented in a “Level II” report. • Batch quality control summary • Influences of sampling on final results

3. What is Quality? • Quality Assurance • Defined as everything done with respect to producing reliable data. • Quality Control • Defined as a single step or procedure to evaluate a process or test

4. Why Quality? • Recognize, quantitate, and minimize errors. • Describe the accuracy and precision of the data. • Assess the legality of the reported results, i.e., defensible in the US court of law.

5. Certifications, Audits and PE Programs • Certifications at the federal, state and client level. • Most certifications have audits • Most certifications have PE samples • Double blind samples that we analyzed without knowing the answers. • Bi-annual PE samples.

6. NELAP • National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Program • Non government program sponsored by individual states and the EPA. • On site audit every 2 years • Bi-annual PE studies

7. Quality starts with field sampling • A majority of all errors in environmental analysis result from incorrect sampling. • Factors • Safety • Obtaining a representative sample • Preventing contamination • Legal documentation • Protecting the sample from changing prior to analysis (preservation) • Detailed standard operating procedures • Typically not covered by audits or PE programs. • Detailed record keeping • Field records • Chain of Custody

8. Field Quality Control • Field blanks • Trip blanks • Equipment blanks • Preservatives • Ice • Bottles • Chemicals

9. Custody • Important to document where and who has the sample at all times. • Chain of Custody - Legal document • Description of the sample • Who collected, what container, where and when. • Requested tests • Signature and dates/times when the sample was passed from person to person • Included with the final report. • Internal Custody • Often provided by LIMS system • Custody of each bottle – NELAC regulation

10. Laboratory Quality Control • Quality Control designed to check four general areas. • Calibration of instrument • Process is contamination free • Process is efficient and accurate • Matrix effects

11. GM Level I Report • Sample information • Parameter details • Custody documents

12. Example Report Sample Information Parameter Details

13. Sample Information • Project ID • Sample ID • Field Personnel • Date & Time collected • Date & time Received • Laboratory ID

14. Correct Methods • Correct method depends on regulatory program • NPDES/IPP - 40 CFR 136 • Waste/RCRA - SW-846 • Monitoring/Landfill - SW-846 or 40 CFR 136 • Drinking Water • Alternate Test Procedures • NPDES/IPP • Parameters not listed in 40 CFR 136 • Michigan in EPA Region 5

15. DETECTION LIMITS • MDL - Method Detection Limit • The minimum level of an analyte that can be qualitatively identified with 99% confidence. (40 CFR Part 136, Appendix B) • Reporting Limits • The minimum level of an analyte that can be reasonably reported by the laboratory taking into consideration the sample matrix. • PQL, LOQ

16. QC ORGANIZATION - BATCHES • Sample and QC data are grouped into batches • A batch may be defined by sample count (e.g. 20) • A batch may be defined by time elapsed (e.g. 12 hr.) • Each batch has QC validating its samples • Example: LCS, Blank, MS, MSD, Duplicate • Types of batches: • Preparation (e.g. digestion, extraction) • Analytical (e.g. GC/MS, ICP/MS) • Samples may belong to both types of batches

17. EVALUATING QC - LEVEL II DATA • Evaluate Preparation QC Items (as analyzed): • Method Blank • Laboratory Control Sample (LCS) • Matrix Spike (MS) • Duplicate and/or Matrix Spike Duplicate (Dup, MSD) • Surrogates (for organic analyses) • Instrument QC Items are not included

18. SUMMARY OF QC INFLUENCES

19. EXAMPLE - MATRIX INTERFERENCE • Actual sample matrices may contain target and non-target interferences that preclude the analysis of a sample in an undiluted state and result in elevated reporting limits. • PNAs above • calibration range • Heavy Oil causing poor • internal standard recovery • Method Blank • Sample Exhibiting Interference

20. COURSE CONCLUSIONS • Different QC items are designed to characterize the various cumulative effects contributing to data quality; • The requested QC deliverable affects the scope and detail of QC items provided; and • The sample matrix can often play a large role in the usefulness of the analytical results for their intended purpose.

21. ABOUT THE PRESENTER • Maya Murshak • Maya is the Quality Assurance and Technical Director for Merit Laboratories, Inc. and has been with the lab since it was started in 1987. She currently works primarily with laboratory certification, accreditation, data validation and project coordination. She also has over 15 years of practical laboratory experience based on her extensive analytical work with both GC and GC/MS systems. Maya is a Chemical Engineer, holding both B.S. and M.S. degrees from Michigan State University.

22. Thank You