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Atmospheric Remote Sensing

Atmospheric Remote Sensing. Weather Forecasting. Cannot exist without telecommunications Most fundamental ideas are very recent. No Weather Forecasting.

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Atmospheric Remote Sensing

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  1. Atmospheric Remote Sensing

  2. Weather Forecasting • Cannot exist without telecommunications • Most fundamental ideas are very recent

  3. No Weather Forecasting • He said to the crowd: "When you see a cloud rising in the west, immediately you say, 'It's going to rain,' and it does. And when the south wind blows, you say, 'It's going to be hot,' and it is. (Luke 12:54-55) • People could interpret local, immediate weather signs

  4. No Weather Forecasting • Little travel • No telecommunications • The wind blows wherever it pleases. You hear its sound, but you cannot tell where it comes from or where it is going. (John 3:8) • As far as anyone knew, weather originated spontaneously and locally • All meteorology is remote sensing

  5. What Are We Sensing? • 1600’s and 1700’s: Basic weather instruments invented • 1743: Benjamin Franklin deduces that storms move • 1802-1803: Luke Howard classifies cloud types • 1806: Francis Beaufort introduces his system for classifying wind speeds. • 1840’s: Telegraph invented • 1854: Jean Joseph Leverrier demonstrated that a devastating storm could have been tracked and predicted if telegraph had been in use

  6. Weather Mapping • 1849: Smithsonian Institution institutes observing system in U.S. • 1860: Robert FitzRoy • Produces the first synoptic charts • Coined the term "weather forecast" • Published the first ever daily weather forecasts • 1873: Army Signal Corps issues first hurricane prediction • 1900 Galveston blind-sided by hurricane

  7. Weather Map, 1874

  8. 1905 Weather Map of US

  9. Modern Weather Forecasting • 1902: Stratosphere discovered • 1902: Radio • Norwegians pioneered modern weather forecasting • World War I inspired the name “front” • 1930: First radiosonde • 1944: First radar detection of hurricane • WWII: Jet streams discovered • 1948: First successful tornado prediction • 1954: Sweden starts first real-time numerical predictions

  10. First Modern Concept of Fronts

  11. First U.S. Weather Map With Fronts

  12. Scales in Meteorology • Microscale: kilometers • Mesoscale: tens of kilometers • Synoptic: hundreds or thousands of kilometers • Weather Maps • Global • Wind belts • El Nino and other oscillations

  13. Atmospheric Remote Sensing • Even in pre-satellite days, weather observing was one of the first applications envisioned for satellites. • In 1954, a rocket photograph showed a storm system that later caused a flood and inspired creation of a weather satellite program • Vanguard II (1959) was a prototype weather satellite but only partially successful

  14. TIROS 1 • Television Infrared Observation Satellite • Launched April 1, 1960 • First successful weather satellite • Altitude 468 miles

  15. First Weather Satellite Image

  16. Nimbus Series • 7 satellites, launched 1964-1978 • Transmitted data until 1994 • Pioneered atmospheric pressure measurements by satellite • Measures optical effects of pressure on atmosphere • Monitored ozone hole depletion

  17. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) • First launched 1962 • Declassified 1972 • Most advanced night imaging capabilities • Still active

  18. DMSP Night Image

  19. DMSP Image of Japan and Korea

  20. Aurora over the US

  21. The Perfect Low, 19 April 2006

  22. The “Chi-clone” 26 Oct. 2010

  23. Typhoon Longwang

  24. GOES • Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite • GOES-11 (West) at 135 W over Pacific • GOES-12 (East at 75 W over Atlantic) • GOES-13 and -14 in storage orbits

  25. GOES • Imager: Multi-channel visible and IR • Sounder: vertical atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud top temperature, and ozone distribution • Ground-based meteorological platform data collection and relay • Space environment monitor • Beacon locators for search and rescue

  26. Global Water Vapor, July 2009

  27. Carbon Dioxide Sensing • Pulsed LIDAR • One frequency absorbed by CO2, one not • Ratio of return signals = CO2 concentration • Absorption • Measure strength of CO2 absorption • Compare with oxygen absorption to get concentration

  28. March 9, 2011

  29. Cloud Top temperatures

  30. Cloud Classification

  31. Cloud Top Pressure

  32. Precipitation

  33. Lightning Strikes

  34. Global Lightning

  35. Particulate Matter • Natural: Volcanic, smoke, wind-blown dust • Anthropogenic: Smoke, exhaust, construction, agriculture • In pre-industrial times, visibility over 100 km was normal • Unusual haze was very abnormal and noted • “Dry fogs” are records of volcanic eruptions • Great “Smoky” Mountains

  36. Pollution over India The view from Tibet Sea of pollution Over India Image from the Shuttle

  37. Mottarone, Italy, June 2001 Towards equal distribution of Pollution around the world Marmin, Nepal March 2001 (V. Ramanathan) Dust and pollution over Lago Magiore, Italy

  38. Does Population cause Pollution ? POLDER aerosol index Feb. 1997 & population density (Kaufman, Tanré & Boucher, Nature 2002)

  39. Global Albedo

  40. Multi-Angle Scanning • Intersecting lines of sight allows three-dimensional modeling • Slant viewing eliminates reflections off water (sun glitter) • Different viewing angles allows characterization of surfaces • Phase Angle

  41. MISR Images (0, 45, 60, 75 degrees)

  42. MISR and Oil Spill

  43. Limb Viewing

  44. Solar Occultation

  45. GPS Occultation

  46. Finding a Window

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