José E Cassiolato

1. José E Cassiolato Inovações Tecnológicas da Indústria de Energia Eólica

2. O que é inovação??? • O caso chinês • Sistemas de inovação

3. Innovation is not an act, it is a process • Innovation is systemic: a collective endeavour • National System of Innovation

4. Subsistema: Contexto Geo-Político, Social, Político, Econômico, Cultural e Local Ampla Restrita Subsistema: Criação de Capacitações, Pesquisa e Serviços Tecnológicos Subsistema: Produção e Inovação Tecnológicos Demanda (segmentada) Subsistema: Políticas, Promoção, Representação e Financiamento Figura 1 – Versão ampla e restrita do Sistema Nacional de Inovação

5. China – Esforços de Localização da indústria de equipamentos • 2000: one of the main factors limiting the development of domestic wind power was“dependenceon imported wind turbines, low design capacity, and the fact that key parts, such as turbine blades could not be manufactured domestically.” (GovernoChinês) • 2002: Following the principles of introducing foreign technology, assimilating it into the Chinese market, and learning to make similar equipment domestically, Chinese manufacturers have begun to master the technologies needed for the production of large wind turbines. The main equipment needed for wind power generation can now be manufactureddomestically. (Commercialization of Wind Power in China (2002)

6. China - Concessões • 1 – Requisitos de conteúdo local (70%) • principal mecanismo que permitiu à indústria doméstica de equipamentos constituir um sistema produtivo - cadeia industrial completo (Howelletall 2010). • 2 – Exclusão de empresas estrangeiras • NDRC would like to see that all big wind farm projects go to central government as concession tendering programs, where foreign companies like [Denmark’s] Vestasrarely have a chance to win. … Concession tendering program run by NDRC has been proved to be a negative system to foreigncompanies“Wind as a Resource in North China.” China Wind Power Newsletter (April, 2009). • 3 – Preferência a empresaslocais no pacote de estímulo de 2008 • 4 - Proibição de turbinaspequenas

8. A inovação é sistêmica (sistema de inovação – alguns problemas) • Learning tied to development of capital goods industries • Industrial and wider actors in wind industry: universities, research institutes, NGOs, component manufacturers, wind turbine manufacturers, power grid producers, utilities, local communities/governments, farmers • In terms of specific learning, formal vs. informal knowledge • For European wind, a substantial need for formally trained, professional labour force (Jacobsson and 10,000 engineers for Europe) • For wind power, need cross-disciplinary/multi-disciplinary people: a range of ‘deep’ competences in conventional disciplines (Jacobsson et al. 2011). But also a need for ‘integrated competences’ in such areas as mechanical/electrical engineering; engineering/project management; engineering/meteorology; health and safety/O&M • Professor Gordon MacKerron, Director, SPRU, University of Sussex, RENEWABLE ENERGY and INNOVATION POLICIES: European experience, Paper presented to International Workshop on Innovation policies and structural change in a context of growth and crisis, Rio de Janeiro 13-15 September 2011

9. Wind Energy Conversion Systems   Most relevant areas Main question:  Why all those components/equipments are imported when in Brazil there is a strong electro-electronic scientific knowledge? • Electric engineering • Electric machines • Power electronics • Control • Instrumentation • Batteries • Grid connection 2. Mechanic engineering • Aerodynamics • Materials • Structures • Gear boxes • Electromagnetic interference Fonte: www.gpec.ufc.br Eulerinet – European Union Latin American Science and Innovation Networks fantunes@dee.ufc.br

10. Necessity of a Cathalyst • Example of law act 8.248 (lei de informática) • PROINFA (Big wind parks) – The nationalization index was not applied to static power converters. • Necessity to promote the national industry. • Outcome of the European polices to promote the renewable: Big growth of the power electronic and component Industries; Strong development of electronics components and power converter industries.

11. Do we have a policy of innovation in wind sector? • Are the instruments enough? • Subvencao • Fundo setorial • Fiananciamento do BNDES – Proinfa • Politica de P&D da Aneel

12. Infra-structure and Competence? Yes, we have! • INEP – UFSC - SC • UFSM - RS • UFRJ - RJ • UFU – MG • UFMG - MG • UFCG – PB • PUC - RS • GPEC – UFC - CE • Brazilian Power Electronics Society • SOBRAEP – www.sobraep.org.br

13. Necessity to develop a systematic approach • R&D policy, finance policy, industrial policy…