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Songs for the King, Poetry of the Kingdom

Songs for the King, Poetry of the Kingdom. ～ Psalms ～. ESV 1 A Psalm of David. The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. 2 He makes me lie down in green pastures. He leads me beside still waters. 3 He restores my soul. He leads me in paths of righteousness for his name's sake.

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Songs for the King, Poetry of the Kingdom

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  1. Songs for the King, Poetry of the Kingdom ～ Psalms ～

  2. ESV 1 A Psalm of David. The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. 2 He makes me lie down in green pastures. He leads me beside still waters. 3 He restores my soul. He leads me in paths of righteousness for his name's sake. 4 Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff, they comfort me. 5 You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies; you anoint my head with oil; my cup overflows. 6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life, and I shall dwell in the house of the LORD forever. Psalm 23

  3. General thoughts on reading Scripture

  4. General thoughts on reading Scripture Obstacles & Advice Literature, History, and Theology lectio divina

  5. Obstacles Length & Diversity Antiquity Cultural Distance Position in the History of Redemption Advice Discover the author’s intended meaning Read Scripture in context Identify the Genre of the book and passage Consider the historical and cultural background Consider the grammar and structure of the passage Interpret experience in the light of Scripture and not Scripture in the light of experience Always seek the full counsel of Scripture Discover how the Scripture passage presents Jesus Christ Be open-minded and tolerant of other interpretations General thoughts on reading Scripture～ Obstacles & Advice General thoughts taken from Tremper Longman III’s book; Making Sense of the Old Testament: Three crucial questions

  6. General thoughts on reading Scripture as Literature, History, and Theology

  7. General thoughts on reading Scripture Spiritually ～lectio divina lectio divina defined: “Lectio divina is the strenuous effort that the Christian community gives to rehydrating the Scriptures so that they are capable of holding their own original force and shape in the heat of the day, maintaining their context long enough to get fused with or assimilated into our context, the world we inhabit, the clamor of voices in the daily weather and work in which we live. But it takes more than an hour in the bucket to accomplish what is needed. Lectio divina is a way of life that develops “according to the Scriptures.” It is not just a skill that we exercise when we have a Bible open before us but a life congruent with the Word made flesh to which the Scriptures give witness…So, lectio divina. A way of reading that guards against depersonalizing the text into an affair of questions and answers, definitions and dogmas. A way of reading that abandons the attempt to take control of the text as if it were helpless without our help…Lectio divina provides us with a discipline, developed and handed down by our ancestors, for recovering the context, restoring the intricate web of relationships to which the Scriptures give witness but that are so easily lost or obscured in the act of writing.” Eugene H. Peterson, Eat This Book

  8. General thoughts on reading Scripture Spiritually lectio divina involves four elements: ‘lectio’, ‘meditatio’, ‘oratio’, and ‘contemplatio. lectio(we read the text) meditatio(we meditate on the text) oratio(we pray the text) contemplatio(we live the text)

  9. General introduction to reading the Psalms

  10. General introduction to reading the Psalms - What are they? “The English name of the book comes to us from the Septuagint (Psalmos), via the Vulgate. The Greek word was used to translate the Hebrew word mizmor that comes from the verbal root zamar (“to sing” or possibly “to pluck”), which connects the book with music. The Hebrew title Tehillim means “praises” and highlights what is the dominant note of the book.” Dillard & Longman, An Introduction to the Old Testament One way to answer this to ask what Psalms as a word means.

  11. General introduction to reading the Psalms - What are they? An Anatomy of the Soul & A Display of God’s Saving Nature. “I have been accustomed to call this book, I think not inappropriately, “An Anatomy of all the Parts of the Soul;” for there is not an emotion of which any one can be conscious that is not here represented as in a mirror. Or rather, the Holy Spirit has here drawn to the life all the grief's, sorrows, fears, doubts, hopes, cares, perplexities, in short, all the distracting emotions with which the minds of men are wont to be agitated…In one word, not only will we here find general commendations of the goodness of God, which may teach men to repose themselves in him alone, and to seek all their happiness solely in him; and which are intended to teach true believers with their whole hearts confidently to look to him for help in all their necessities; but we will also find that the free remission of sins, which alone reconciles God towards us and procures for us settled peace with him, And acquires for us tranquility of conscience before him.” is so set forth and magnified, as that here there is nothing wanting which relates to the knowledge of eternal salvation.“ John Calvin’s preface to his Commentary on the Psalms

  12. General introduction to reading the Psalms - What are they? Songs for the King & Poetry of the Kingdom. “We will argue later that the Book of the Psalms as a whole is rather like Psalm 73 or like the books of Job and of Ecclesiastes in that it tells the story of a search, in which at certain stages there is bewilderment and all looks dark but which eventually issues in enlightenment from a divine source. In the case of the Psalter, this is a search by a whole religious community in which the individual searches of some of its members are taken up and which has its background also in the blessings and problems of the nation itself. This does not mean that the whole thing is humanly motivated. After all, if we take the New Testament doctrine of grace seriously, a human beings’ search which ends in true faith in Christ has beneath it the deep gracious initiative of God, and such searches presented in the Old Testament canon are evidence that the operations of divine grace have points common to both Testaments. “ Geoffrey Grogan, Prayer, Praise & Prophecy: A theology of the Psalms

  13. Psalm 119

  14. General introduction to reading the Psalms as Literature, History, and Theology

  15. Parallelism Parts Pictures Pattern General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Literature

  16. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Literature General Note: The Psalms Poetic Nature • “We should remember that the aesthetic features of a psalm are the servants of its meaning. There is nothing wrong in being captivated by the beauty of some pslams, for instance 103 and 104, the loveliness of each usually surviving even in translation, but we should also be concerned to understand their meaning. We need to move through the beauty to the truth, for this is essential divine truth for living. The words of God are a warning to us all: • To them you are like singer of love songs, one who has a beautiful voice and plays well on an instrument; they hear what you say, but they will not do it (Ezek. 33:32).” • Geoffrey Grogan, Prayer, Praise, & Prophecy: A theology of the Psalms

  17. Parallelism Parts Pictures Pattern General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Literature The Psalms are Literature ~ Parts • Understanding ‘Lines’ in Hebrew Poetry • Lines are not necessarily sentences (117:1). • Lines are not necessarily verses (47:9). • Lines are made up of parts, aka ‘colons’. Lines can made up of two parts, aka ‘bi-colons’ (92:1); three parts, aka ‘tri-colons’ (112:9-10); four parts, aka ‘tetra-colon’ (29: 1-2); or even one part, aka ‘mono-colon’ (“Praise the Lord”). Of these the bi-colon form of lines are the most common in the book of Psalms. Understanding ‘Strophes’ & ‘Stanzas’ in Hebrew Poetry “When writing prose, we group related sentences together to form a paragraph. When writing poetry we group related lines together to forma strophe. A strophe is in poetry what a paragraph is in prose.” Mark Futato. Identifying strophes in a Psalm helps us see its parts (ex. 13 – 1-2; 3-4; 5-6). Some of the larger Psalms have groups of related strophes, aka ‘Stanzas’ (139:1-18).

  18. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Literature Parallelism Parts Pictures Pattern The Psalms are Literature ~ Parallelism What is Parallelism? “Hebrew poets expressed their thoughts in poems comprised of lines, strophes, and at times stanzas. We have seen how strophes and stanzas are put together, [but how can we recognize a line of poetry, and how do lines relate to one another?] In a line there is a particular…flow of thought from one colon to the next. We call this flow of thought or relationship “parallelism.”” Mark Futato, Interpreting the Psalms Why is it important to appreciate Parallelism in the Psalms? “Parallelism is the art of saying something similar in both colon’s but with a difference added in the second one.” Mark Futato. (29:1, 4, 5, 10).

  19. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Literature Parallelism Parts Pictures Pattern The Psalms are Literature ~ Pictures General thoughts on pictures/imagery in the Psalms Images touch the emotions and engage the mind at the same time. Images are pictures of concrete actions or things. (1:3; 23:2, 5). Images work by creating associations (47:9; 33:20). Images can have multiple meanings (138:7; 17:7; 84:11). Images need to be analyzed (127:4; A great resource for this is The Dictionary of Biblical-Imagery). “Images are the glory, perhaps the essence of poetry” L. Alonso Schokel “Poetry is the language of images” Leland Ryken

  20. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Literature Parallelism Parts Pictures Pattern The Psalms are Literature ~ Pattern “Hebrew poets used structural patterns in organizing their compositions. Following these patterns deepens our understanding of, and appreciation for, the individual psalms, because patterns add beauty to the poems and communicate meaning. Hebrew poets used patterns on all levels of their poetry-lines, strophes, and entire poems. The following discussion looks at the three basic patterns: linear, parallel, and symmetrical.” Mark Futato, Interpreting the Psalms • 3 Basic Patterns of the Psalms Poetry • Linear Pattern – A B C D E (2:6) • Parallel Pattern – A B C A’ B’ C’ (19:1) • Symmetrical Pattern – A B C C’ B’ D’ (6:9; 70)

  21. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - History History and the Psalms Psalm Titles Social Setting

  22. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - History The Psalms are History ~ History & the Psalms History and the Psalms “The canonical book of Psalms comprises 150 separate compositions. These poems were not written at one time, but over a long period. Indeed, if one takes the titles as serious indicators of setting, then at least one psalm (ps. 90) dates as early as the time of Moses, while internal indications point to a postexilic date for others (for instance, ps. 126). This is time spread of close to one thousand years. From this perspective the historical background of the Psalms is the history of the nation of Israel.” Psalm Titles Social Setting “The historical background of the book is further complicated by strong evidence that the book as a whole and the individual psalms that are a part of it were open to adaptation during the whole Old Testament period.” Longman/Dillard/Waltke, Intro.

  23. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - History The Psalms are History ~ Psalm Titles History and the Psalms Are the titles of the Psalms trustworthy? “The titles are canonical although not necessarily original. It seems that at least some of the titles to individual psalms are not original to the text but were added [which is shown in that the Hebrew text has only 116 psalm titles but the Greek LXX has titles for all but 1 & 2]. Nonetheless, the titles are ancient. Such is indicated because the meaning of a number of the words found in the titles was lost by the time of the translators of the Greek LXX…” Mark Futato, Interpreting the Psalms Psalm Titles Social Setting What are the titles? Non-canonical, and not original Canonical, and original Canonical, and not original

  24. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - History The Psalms are History ~ Social Setting Psalms as a living Text: “…a psalm can be read in multiple historical contexts given the growing nature of the canon of Scripture…we can better understand these contexts by asking a series of questions: (1) What did the psalm mean in the context of the original poet? (2) What did the psalm mean in the context of the editors who finalized the shape and content of the Hebrew Bible in the postexilic community? (3) What did the psalm mean in the context of the authors of the New Testament?” Mark Futato, Interpreting the Psalms History and the Psalms Psalm Titles Social Setting Historical Contexts: Original Poet Editors of the OT NT authors

  25. Psalm 1 & 2 Alone, Collection Messian-ically General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Theology

  26. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Theology Psalm 1 & 2 Alone, Collection Messianically The Psalms are Theology ~ Psalm 1 & 2 Psalm 1 as a theological grid “When we combine the sense of ‘torah’ as “instruction” with the ‘law of the Lord’ as the Five Books of Moses, we conclude that the book of Psalms invites believeres to meditate on the Five Books of Moses as a source of instruction for experiencing the joy/blessings (vs. 1) and prosperity/success (vs. 3) held out in Psalm 1. And there is more. The book of Psalms is divided into five sections: Book 1 (1-41); Book 2 (42-72); Book 3 (73-89); Book 4 (90-106); and Book 5 (107-150). This fivefold division is embeded in the ancient text, as each book ends with a doxology. (41:13-14; 72:18-19; 89:52-53; 106:48; 146-150 one long closing doxology)” Mark Futato, Interpreting the Psalms Psalm 2: A holy happiness because of our King Psalm 1:1-2 & 2:1-4 encapsulate the wider context in which all the psalms can be understood within. Because our God reigns, his law can be trusted and a life of blessed happiness follows those who follow it.

  27. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Theology Psalm 1 & 2 Alone, Collection Messianically The Psalms are Theology ~ Alone, as a Collection As a Collection: Poetry of the Kingdom “While the Psalms found at the endings of Book 1-3 (Ps. 1-89) trace the contours of the rise and demise of the Davidic monarchy, the dominating themes in Books 4-5 (Pss. 90-150) provide insight into how to respond to the apparent failure of the promises made to David and his descendants.” Mark Futato, Interpreting the Psalms On the heels of Futato’s statement above it should be clear to you and I that the best way to read the Psalms is against the backdrop of Samuel-Kings-Chronicles, as Poetry of the Kingdom Alone: Songs for the King “the Psalter represents theology in its most vibrant form…theology written in intimate relationship with God and in close touch with life.” Tremper Longman III The Psalms record and create godly experiences of joy, lamentation, and thanksgiving. Experiences with the King

  28. General introduction to reading the Psalms as - Theology Psalm 1 & 2 Alone, Collection Messianically The Psalms are Theology ~ Messianically • “The question is if Psalm 1&2 are to be read eschatologically, then is their placement at the beginning indicating the rest of the Psalter to be read eschatologically? I.E. should we read the Psalter as prophecy & are we misreading the Psalter when we only see it as hymnbook when we may need to be reading it as prophecy also. Does the introduction present an eschatological hope for a new leader; and does it encourage us to read the whole Psalter in an eschatological, messianic trajectory. The psalms of lament when read this way can be seen prophetically as the psalms of the Suffering Servant (Jesus quotes Ps 22 on the cross). I believe Ps 1 also portrays the eschatological judgment & Ps 2 also encourages an eschatological reading; not only the ideal king but as he will one day be. How did this shape come about? A combination of 2 Sam 7 and the promise of an eternal Davidic dynasty and the postexilic period where there is no longer a king, led to an eschatological reading when there would one day be a king again. So read against a larger backdrop/trajectory, Ps 2 is a royal psalm that becomes messianic – description of the ideal eschatological king (torah keeping messiah)” • The Psalms’ Messianic Shape & Shaping • Class Notes from Doug Green of Westminster Seminary handling of the shape & shaping of the Psalter.

  29. Psalm 110 ESV 1 A Psalm of David. The LORD says to my Lord: "Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool." 2 The LORD sends forth from Zion your mighty scepter. Rule in the midst of your enemies! 3 Your people will offer themselves freely on the day of your power, in holy garments; from the womb of the morning, the dew of your youth will be yours. 4 The LORD has sworn and will not change his mind, "You are a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek." 5 The Lord is at your right hand; he will shatter kings on the day of his wrath. 6 He will execute judgment among the nations, filling them with corpses; he will shatter chiefs over the wide earth. 7 He will drink from the brook by the way; therefore he will lift up his head.

  30. General introduction to reading the Psalms Spiritually

  31. General introduction to reading the Psalms Spiritually – lectio divina lectio(Reading Psalms in their entirety, in their genre, and in their life situation) meditatio(Savoring their counsel for holiness, wisdom, and happiness by seeing the King in all his Glory) oratio(Praying and worshiping with the Psalms) contemplatio(The Psalmists spiritual journeys and our own)

  32. ESV Psalm 22:1 TO THE CHOIRMASTER: ACCORDING TO THE DOE OF THE DAWN. A PSALM OF DAVID. My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from saving me, from the words of my groaning? 2 O my God, I cry by day, but you do not answer, and by night, but I find no rest. 3 Yet you are holy, enthroned on the praises of Israel. 4 In you our fathers trusted; they trusted, and you delivered them. 5 To you they cried and were rescued; in you they trusted and were not put to shame. 6 But I am a worm and not a man, scorned by mankind and despised by the people. 7 All who see me mock me; they make mouths at me; they wag their heads; 8 "He trusts in the LORD; let him deliver him; let him rescue him, for he delights in him!" 9 Yet you are he who took me from the womb; you made me trust you at my mother's breasts. 10 On you was I cast from my birth, and from my mother's womb you have been my God. 11 Be not far from me, for trouble is near, and there is none to help. 12 Many bulls encompass me; strong bulls of Bashan surround me; 13 they open wide their mouths at me, like a ravening and roaring lion. 14 I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint; my heart is like wax; it is melted within my breast; 15 my strength is dried up like a potsherd, and my tongue sticks to my jaws; you lay me in the dust of death. 16 For dogs encompass me; a company of evildoers encircles me; they have pierced my hands and feet- 17 I can count all my bones- they stare and gloat over me; 18 they divide my garments among them, and for my clothing they cast lots. 19 But you, O LORD, do not be far off! O you my help, come quickly to my aid! 20 Deliver my soul from the sword, my precious life from the power of the dog! 21 Save me from the mouth of the lion! You have rescued me from the horns of the wild oxen! 22 I will tell of your name to my brothers; in the midst of the congregation I will praise you: 23 You who fear the LORD, praise him! All you offspring of Jacob, glorify him, and stand in awe of him, all you offspring of Israel! 24 For he has not despised or abhorred the affliction of the afflicted, and he has not hidden his face from him, but has heard, when he cried to him. 25 From you comes my praise in the great congregation; my vows I will perform before those who fear him. 26 The afflicted shall eat and be satisfied; those who seek him shall praise the LORD! May your hearts live forever! 27 All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to the LORD, and all the families of the nations shall worship before you. 28 For kingship belongs to the LORD, and he rules over the nations. 29 All the prosperous of the earth eat and worship; before him shall bow all who go down to the dust, even the one who could not keep himself alive. 30 Posterity shall serve him; it shall be told of the Lord to the coming generation; 31 they shall come and proclaim his righteousness to a people yet unborn, that he has done it. Psalm 22

  33. General Introduction to Reading the Psalms through the lens of the New Testament

  34. General Introduction to Reading the Psalms through the lens of the New Testament Jesus as the Messianic Savior and the shape of the Psalter. Jesus as the appropriate object of the Psalms worship. Psalmist as the Davidic King. Jesus as the Davidic King.

  35. Songs for the King, Poetry of the Kingdom ～ Psalms ～

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