1 / 41

Lecture 8

Lecture 8. Race and Social Institutions: Economy, Education, and the Family. As a society we decided what policies are institutions put into practice; these policies build the institutions that create our social sructure. Culture & Ideology. Actions/Behavior. Social Structure.

wynter-cannon
Download Presentation

Lecture 8

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Lecture 8 Race and Social Institutions: Economy, Education, and the Family

  2. As a society we decided what policies are institutions put into practice; these policies build the institutions that create our social sructure Culture & Ideology Actions/Behavior Social Structure Social Institutions: Choices are made

  3. Residential Segregation:Massey and Denton • Strongest residential segregation among American Blacks • Little spatial integration between 1970-1980 • Segregation in large cities did not change • Socioeconomic influences do not matter • Issue of race still matters when it comes to our neighbors

  4. Ten Most Segregated Cites in the US • http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/03/29/most_segregated_cities/slideshow.html

  5. Stagnant and Increasing Segregation • The U.S. population is more racially and ethnically diverse than ever before. Yet… • The 2010 census shows that overall the nation's largest cities have lost large numbers of white residents to suburban and outlying areas and segregation has increased in almost every large suburban area from 1990 to 2000. • Across the nation, four out of five whites live outside of the cities and 86 percent of whites live in neighborhoods where minorities make up less than 1 percent of the population. In contrast, 70 percent of Blacks and Latinos live in the cities or inner-ring suburbs.

  6. Diversity in Bay Area • Index of Diversity: Probability that if two people are chosen at random they will be from different races • Most Diverse - Alameda County • Least Diverse – Marin County • Largest Percentage of: • Black Americans – Alameda and Solano (14%) • Latino/Latina – Santa Clara (11%) • Asian Americans – San Francisco (30%)

  7. Do We Live Together? • Dissimilarity Index: These measures show the percentage of people from one group that would have to move or relocate out of their current neighborhood in order to be evenly distributed with another group in the county. • Residential segregation is highest for: • Blacks (32-57%) • Latinos (23-46%) • Asians (15-28%) • Alameda County: • Black – White: 56% • Latino- White: 40% • Asian – White: 34%

  8. Why are we segregated? • http://www.pbs.org/race/006_WhereRaceLives/006_03-spiral.htm

  9. Segregation and Homeownership • According to the Census Bureau's 1999 American Housing Survey: • 74 percent of suburban residents owned their own homes, while only about half of urban residents are homeowners. • The proportion is similar when you compare homeowners by race - in 1999, 74 percent of whites were homeowners, while only 45 percent of Latinos, 46 percent of Blacks and 51 percent of Asians owned their homes.

  10. Residential Redlining • Beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, the federal government created programs that subsidized low-cost loans, opening up home ownership to millions of average Americans for the first time. • In 1935, branches of FHA were asked to to look at 239 cities and create "residential security maps" to indicate the level of security for real-estate investments in each surveyed city. • All-white communities received the highest ratings and benefited from low-cost, government-backed loans, while minority and mixed neighborhoods received the lowest ratings and were denied these loans • Of the $120 billion worth of new housing subsidized by the government between 1934 and 1962, less than 2 percent went to nonwhite families.

  11. What does Williams mean when she states, “Black people end up paying higher prices for the attempt to integrate, even as the integration of oneself threatens to lower the value of one’s investment”?

  12. Reverse Redlining • Reverse redlining occurs when a lender or insurer particularly targets minority consumers to charge them more than would be charged to a similarly situated majority consumer • Home loans • Consumer credit

  13. Who experiences foreclosure? • According to the Center for Responsible Lending majority (56%) of completed foreclosures involved white borrowers, but a higher share of African American and Latino borrowers are affected: • The completed foreclosure rate of recent loan originations for these groups was nearly 8%, compared to 4.5% for whites.

  14. Who is at risk for foreclosure? • An additional 5.7 million borrowers at imminent risk of foreclosure, but homeowners non-whites continue to be disproportionately at risk • Non-Hispanic White 14.8% • African-American 21.6% • Latino 21.4% • Asian 15.7%

  15. Loss of wealth for communities? • “Spillover Costs”: Indirect losses in property value to neighboring households • In general a $1.86 trillion in spillover from 2009-2012 • African-Americans: $193 billion • Latinos: $180 billion • African-American and Latino communities, combined, are estimated to lose more than $350 billion.

  16. Black/White Wealth Gap Wealth is the engine of social mobility Location, education, employment Average white family has a net worth 7 times that of the average Black family This gap has grown since the 1960’s The wealth gap accounts for many of the racial inequities Racial disparities almost disappear when economic resources are equal

  17. Economy • Economy: a system that organizes production, distribution, and consumption • Roots of capitalism in the US are gendered and racialized • Capitalism creates an institution of wage labor that forms the foundation of our social structure • We must sell our labor (wages)

  18. Human Development Index http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps

  19. Race and Poverty in CA • Poverty and Race in CA (US): • White 7% (8%) • Black 22% (25%) • Latino 22% (23%) • Asian 13% (13%) • Foreign born residents are more likely to be living in poverty • Highest rate of poverty is among children in single-parent households headed by Hispanic women – 48% are in poverty

  20. Race and Income in CA • Per Capita Income • White, $31,000 • Black, $17,000 • Latino, $11,000 • Asian $22, 000 • Percent Change • Per capita income grew 49% 1990-2000 • White 67% • Black 50% • Latino 37% • Asian 59 %

  21. Gender/Race Wage Gap:For Every White Man’s $...

  22. What accounts for the decline in Latino Men’s Wages? • The labor-market that is open to Latino immigrants is generally a low-wage market • Native Latinos earn more than immigrants, but after the second generation increasing wages stall • Differential price employers pay for Latino workers • Improvements in quantity and quality of education will narrow the wage gap between Latinos and Whites • Nationally 21% of Latino students drop out of high school – 2x the rate for all students

  23. Occupational Segregation • Occupations in which at least 25% are African American • Taxi driver, postal clerk, correctional officer, security guard, nurse’s aid/health aid, barber • Occupations in which at least 25% are Latino/a • Private house cleaner, maid/janitor, gardener, construction worker, farm worker, food service

  24. What about Silicon Valley? • The Mercury News used the Freedom of Information Act to get hiring data as late as 2005 from the U.S. Department of Labor • Every two years major corporations are audited for their racial and gender demographics at all levels of hiring. • According to the 2005 data: • Of the 10 companies only 2.1 percent of the workforce is Black while only 5.2 percent of the workforce is Hispanic. • “Of the 5,907 top managers and officials in the Silicon Valley offices of the 10 large companies in 2005, 296 were Black or Hispanic, a 20 percent decline from 2000 • In 2008, the share of computer workers living in Silicon Valley who are Black or Latino was 1.5 percent and 4.7 percent, respectively—shares that had declined since 2000. • Nationally, Blacks and Latinos were 7.1 percent and 5.3 percent of computer workers, respectively, shares that were up since 2000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

  25. Ratio of Highest: Lowest Average Expenditure per Pupil Within the State • California 4.24:1 • Illinois 3.89:1 • New York 3.47:1 • Massachusetts 3.31:1 • Missouri 2.76:1 • New Jersey 2.76:1 • Pennsylvania 2.71:1 • Virginia 2.18:1 * Using the latest available data for the 2004-2005 school year from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and Census.  Excludes the following LEAs: very small (enrollment below 200 students), special purpose LEAs, those providing only special or vocational/technical education, and individual charter schools.

  26. Education in CA

  27. Coleman Study (1966) • Most extensive sociological study on race and education was done by Coleman in the 1960’s • ½ million students • Major conclusions : • Material resources provided in schools made little difference in educational success • Family background and non-school factors had the largest impact • The social networks of students mattered

  28. Bourdieu: Culture and Schooling • Schools reproduce inequalities by rewarding some cultural practices over others • Schools appear to be culturally neutral, but in fact the education system is a mechanism by which power and privilege are reproduced in society • Habitus: class-based set of dispositions (language use, taste, demeanors) • Mediation between structure and practice • Cultural capital

  29. “Acting White” • “Acting White” Thesis (1986): Black students reluctance to embrace school norms/culture, which they associate with “white culture” • Abstract attitude about education was similar to the mainstream • Concrete attitude reflects their view that they had different options after school • Carter’s study (2005) found that Black and Latino students that were cultural navigators were the most successful • Drew from resources in home and mainstream cultures

  30. The Family • A family is a group of people linked by kin connections and adult members take care of the children • Nuclear family • Extended family • Families share economic, social, and cultural resources

  31. Family, Education, and Cultural Capital • Cultural capital: forms of knowledge, skills, education, and advantages that a person has, which give them a higher status in society. • Parents provide their children with cultural capital by transmitting the attitudes and knowledge needed to succeed in the current educational system

  32. Intersecting Institutions • The institutions that make up our social structure and interrelated and intersect • These social institutions have a historical basis which determines how they are set up and which groups in society are best served by these institutions • Our social institutions can deepen racial inequality or be a path to creating more racial equality

More Related