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Vertebrates

Vertebrates. Vocabulary. What can you tell me about Vertebrates?. Phylum Chordata True tissue Bilateral symmetry Coelomates Deuterostomes Vertebral column. Phylum Chordata: Major Groups. Jawless fish Cartilage fish Bone fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals.

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Vertebrates

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  1. Vertebrates Vocabulary

  2. What can you tell me about Vertebrates? • Phylum Chordata • True tissue • Bilateral symmetry • Coelomates • Deuterostomes • Vertebral column

  3. Phylum Chordata: Major Groups • Jawless fish • Cartilage fish • Bone fish • Amphibians • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

  4. Vocab: Anatomical Directions • Dorsal – top or back side • Ventral – bottom or belly side • Anterior – Face end • Posterior – Tail end

  5. Body Systems • Skeletal System (skeleton) • Circulatory System (blood/heart) • Integumentary System (skin) • Respiratory System (gas exchange) • Nervous System (brain) • Reproductive System (fertilization)

  6. Skeletal System • Endoskeleton – internal skeletal structure (bones and cartilage) • Cartilage – tough flexible material that makes up part of the skeleton • Vertebral column – spine, or backbone • Axial Skeleton – Skull and vertebral column • Appendicular Skeleton – arms and legs

  7. Pectoral girdle – where upper limbs attach • Pelvic girdle – where lower limbs attach

  8. Circulatory System • Vein – carry blood toward heart • Artery – carry blood away from heart • Capillaries – tiny blood vessels where gas exchange occurs • Atrium – receiving chamber of heart • Ventricle – sending out chamber of heart

  9. Integumentary System • Integument – body covering • Gills – aquatic oxygen filter • Lungs – land oxygen organ Respiratory System

  10. Reproductive System • Internal vs. External Fertilization • How many eggs are fertilized?

  11. Vertebrate Behaviors • Inborn behavior – is inherited and determined by species genetics • Reflexes: simple, automatic reactions • Ex.) blink when eye is touched • Instincts: automatic but time consuming and complex • Ex.) flying south, building a nest

  12. Vertebrate Behaviors (cont.) • Learned behavior– is not inherited, they can be flexible and changed • Conditioned response: response to a specific stimuli in a specific way • Usually learned through reward or punishment • Ex.) dog tricks • Intelligent behavior: is the most complex vertebrate behavior. • Problem-solving, judgment, and decision-making

  13. Fish • Aquatic Animals • Integument: scales or skin • Mucus coating for protection • Respiratory: gills • Reproduction: external fertilization • Most fish lay 100-1000 eggs a year • No parental care • Low success rate

  14. Fish • Circulatory system: • Fish C.S. picture • Two Chambered heart • Flow of blood?

  15. Fish • Nervous system: • Brain picture • Olfactory • Cerebrum • Optic • Cerebellum • Medulla Oblingata

  16. Fish – 3 Classes • Agnatha(Jawless Fish) • Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) • Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)

  17. 1. Agnatha (Cyclostomata) • Jawless Fish • Ex.) Lampreys and Hagfish

  18. Agnatha (Cyclostomata) • Most primitive vertebrates • Native Environment: Atlantic Ocean • No hinged jaw or paired fins • Parasitic • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JQ6oHjpeqU

  19. Most fish have jaws which may have evolved from skeletal gill supports

  20. 2. Chondrichthyes • Cartilage endoskeleton • Just the jaw is bone • Ex.) Sharks, rays, and skates

  21. 3. Osteichthyes • Fish with skeletons made of bone • Ex.) Most common fish, bass, trout, salmon, etc…

  22. Fish Structure Pelvic Fin

  23. Shark vs. True fish • Skeleton • Mouth location • Caudal fin • Body shape • Scales

  24. Perch Dissection • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2URdwTA3Q8 How to cut • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNZQEmGp11k Anatomy

  25. Amphibians • “Two lives” (tadpole  adult) • Ex.) frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians • Feet, if present, are often webbed • Toes are soft and lack claws

  26. Classifications • Apoda: rare legless tropical amphibians • caecilians • Urodela: amphibians that retain their tails. • salamanders, mud-puppies, and newts • Anura: amphibians that lack tails in their adult stage. • toads and frogs

  27. Integument: Mucus covered skin • Prevents dehydration • Protection from parasites and predators • Hydrodynamic – swim faster • Nervous System: • Brain/spinal cord picture

  28. Respiration: gills, lungs, skin, and/or mouth • Circulatory: • Three chambered heart • Picture • Problems: • Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood get mixed!

  29. Reproduction: • Most externally fertilize • Amplexus - The male clasps the female from behind and presses its thumb into the female's ears. This stimulates the female to release her eggs while the male spreads sperm over the top. • Embryos and larva develop in water • Metamorphosis – change

  30. Frog Life Cycle

  31. Tadpole vs. Adult • Circulatory • Diet • Habitat • Legs • Respiratory

  32. Counter shading– dorsal and ventral color for protection and warmth. (eggs and adults)

  33. Frog Dissection

  34. Mouth Anatomy • Tongue • Tympanic membrane • Vomerine teeth • Maxillary teeth • Vocal sac openings • Eye sockets

  35. Digestive System • Esophagus – food travels to stomach • Stomach – break down food • Pylorus – exit valve of stomach • Duodenum - beginning of small intestine; where bile from the liver is added for further digestion • Liver - produces bile that aids digestion and stores carbohydrates

  36. Small intestine – needed for nutrient absorption • Large intestine - where water is reabsorbed and waste is solidified • Cloaca – collects fecal waste, urine, and sex cells • Pancreas - produces insulin that controls the level of sugar in the blood

  37. Excretory System • Kidney – removes waste and excess water from the blood • 25% of the frog's body weight is excreted in urine by the kidney each day • Excess water is absorbed by the skin

  38. Dissection Video • Youtube: • “Frog Anatomy – Part 1” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-LqS5AVRio • “Frog Anatomy – Part 2” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOJyhk4QZvc

  39. Vertebrates: Part II Reptiles & Birds

  40. Reptiles & Birds • Toes have claws • Respiration – Well developed lungs • Digestion • similar organs to amphibians • Cloaca: total waste collector • Can be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores

  41. Reptiles & Birds • Nervous system – brain pic • Reproduction • Internal fertilization • Parental care (more in the birds) • Eggs: Reptiles (10-200), Birds (1-20)

  42. Amniotic egg • Amnion – membrane around embryo • Yolk sac – nutrients • Allantois – waste sac • Chorion – outermost membrane

  43. Common ancestor

  44. Reptiles • Ectothermic – body heat obtained outside of the body • Integument - Dry, scaly skin • Prevents water loss • Reptiles shed their skin to grow • Circulatory • 3.5 chambered heart • Incomplete septum: still get mixing

  45. Dinosaurs may have been endotherms

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