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The Obesity/Diabetes Epidemic: Perspectives, Consequences, Prevention, Treatment. Part 4. Stan Schwartz MD, FACP, FACE Private Practice, Ardmore Obesity Program Cardiometabolic Diabetes Center and Affiliate, Main Line Health System Emeritus, Clinical Associate Professor
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The Obesity/Diabetes Epidemic:Perspectives, Consequences,Prevention, Treatment Part 4 Stan Schwartz MD, FACP, FACE Private Practice, Ardmore Obesity Program Cardiometabolic Diabetes Center and Affiliate, Main Line Health System Emeritus, Clinical Associate Professor University of Pennsylvania
Obesity-Associated Illnesses That Occur in Childhood • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension • Pulmonary disorders • Obstructive sleep apnea • Hypoventilation syndrome • Hypertension • Hypercholesterolemia • Proteinuria • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease • Gallbladder disease • Type 2 diabetes mellitus • Polycystic ovarian syndrome • Orthopedic • Blount’s disease • Slipped capital femoral epiphysis • Skin • Acanthosis nigricans • Striae
3.0 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.6 Overweight and Obesity Increase the Risk of CV Disease Mortality Men Women Relative Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Normal weight Overweight Obese >18 25 30 >40 BMI, kg/m2 Data are from 1 million men and women (average age, 57 years) followed for 16 years who never smoked and had no history of disease at enrollment. Calle EE, et al. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1097-1105.
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome:A Cluster of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors GeneticSusceptibility DietPhysical InactivityStress RaisedBlood Pressure Obesity AutonomicDysfunction ProthromboticState InsulinResistance ProinflammatoryState AtherogenicDyslipidemia Triglycerides High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Small Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles Slide Source: Obesityonline.org Adapted from Grundy SM. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;89:2595-2600.
Additional Risk Factors • Each additional risk factor increases chronic disease risk • hypertension (>140/90) • impaired glucose tolerance (110 – 125 mg/dl) • hypertriglyceridemia (>150mg/dl) • hypercholesterolemia (>240mg/dl, >160mg/dl LDL) • low HDL-C (<35mg/dl) • family history (parent/sibling) of early CHD, hpt, DM • M>55, F>65 • Age M>45 or F>55
6 5 Risk factors (n) 4 0 1 3 2 Relative Risk of CHD 3 2 1 Men Women 0 Risk Factor Sum* and 16-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk: Framingham Offspring Study *Low HDL-C, high cholesterol, high BMI, high systolic BP, high triglyceride, high glucose. Wilson et al. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1104.
Obesity, IRS, Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Disease • Obesity carries with it increase CV Risk Factors • Risk factors for macrovascular disease accrue before the diagnosis of diabetesas> 50% of patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes have pre-existing cardiovascular disease. • 2-4 fold > risk of ASVD in diabetic vs. normal patients • Cardiovascular disease causes 80% of all diabetic mortality- 75% coronary, 25% cerebral vascular • Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cerebrovascular disease versus the general population, and > HgA1c, >risk
Abdominal Fat Distribution Increases the Risk of Coronary Heart DiseaseThe Iowa Women’s Health Study Relative Risk 3 2 Waist-Hip Ratio Tertile 1 3 2 1 Body Mass Index Tertile Folsom et al. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2117.
Elevated Visceral Fat • Metabolically more active • Greater effect on visceral organs • Greater Insulin Resistance • hyperinsulinemia • impaired glucose tolerance • Type 2 diabetes • Hyperlipidemia • Hypertriglyceridemia • Hypercholesterolemia • Hypertension
Visceral Fat Distribution:Normal vs Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Normal 2-11