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RIBA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

RIBA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS. By DR. M. UMER CHAPRA RESEARCH ADVISER ISLAMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK JEDDAH. PROHIBITION OF RIBA IN ISLAM. 1. FIVE QUESTIONS THAT THIS COURSE WILL TRY TO ANSWER

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RIBA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

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  1. RIBA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS By DR. M. UMER CHAPRA RESEARCH ADVISER ISLAMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK JEDDAH.

  2. PROHIBITION OF RIBA IN ISLAM 1. FIVE QUESTIONS THAT THIS COURSE WILL TRY TO ANSWER • DOES RIBA INCLUDE INTEREST, AND IS INTEREST REALLY PROHIBITED BY ISLAM? • WHAT IS THE RATIONALE BEHIND THE PROHIBITION OF INTEREST? • IS THERE A FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVE TO INTEREST? WHAT ARE THE DIFFICULTIES AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF A NEW SYSTEM OF FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION AND HOW CAN THESE BE MANAGED? • HOW WILL MONETARY POLICY BE MANAGED WITHOUT INTEREST? • WHAT HAVE WE ACCOMPLISHED SO FAR?

  3. 2. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF ISLAM IN THIS WORLD • THE OBJECTIVE IS DETERMINED BY THE WORLDVIEW • THE WORLDVIEW OF ISLAM • THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF ISLAM: TO BE A BLESSING FOR MANKIND BY ENSURING THE WELL-BEING OF ALL HUMAN BEINGS. وما أرسلناك إلا رحمة للعالمين (الأنبياء: 107) حي على الفلاح • ALL THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF A SOCIETY NEED TO BE ORGANIZED IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE WELL-BEING OF ALL IS ENSURED, THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM CANNOT BE AN EXCEPTION.

  4. 3. HOW TO ENSURE THE WELL-BEING OF ALL? • THERE ARE A NUMBER OF WAYS OF ENSURING WELL-BEING. • THE MOST IMPORT OF THESE IT JUSTICE • THE PLACE OF JUSTICE IN ISLAM القرآن ولقد أرسلنا رسلنا بالبينات وأنزلنا معهم الكتاب والميزان ليقوم الناس بالقسط (الحديد: 25) اعدلوا هو اقرب للتقوى (المائده:8) حديث اتقوا الظلم فإن الظلم ظلمات يوم القيامة ابن خلدون ان الظلم مخرب للعمران • THE WORLDVIEW OF THE WESTERN WORLD LEADS TO THE EMPHASIS ON LIBERTY AND FREEDOM: WHY? • THE WORLDVIEW OF ISLAM LEADS TO THE EMPHASIS ON JUSTICE: WHY? • THE EMPHASIS ON JUSTICE DOES NOT REDUCE THE IMPORTANCE OF FREEDOM. IT IS ALSO INDISPENSABLE

  5. 4. IS INTEREST REALLY PROHIBITED IN ISLAM? • AL-QUR’AN: FOUR REVELATIONS HAVE PROHIBITED RIBA: • SURAH AL-RUM (30:39) • SURAH AL-NISA’(4:161) • SURAH AL-‘IMRAN (3:130-2) • SURAH AL-BAQARAH (2:1275-281)

  6. 5. AL-QUR’AN (الذين يأكلون الربا لا يقومون إلا كما يقوم الذي يتخبطه الشيطان من المس، ذلك بأنهم قالوا إنما البيع مثل الربا وأحل الله البيع وحرم الربا) (البقرة: 275) “THOSE WHO BENEFIT FROM INTEREST SHALL BE RAISED ON THE DAY OF JUDGMENT LIKE THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN DRIVEN TO MADNESS BY THE TOUCH OF THE DEVIL; THIS IS BECAUSE THEY SAY: “TRADE IS LIKE INTEREST”, WHILE GOD HAS PERMITTED TRADE AND FORBIDDEN INTEREST: (2:275). ( يا أيها الذين آمنوا اتقوا الله وذروا ما بقى من الربا إن كنتم مؤمنين، فإن لم تفعلوا فاذنوا بحرب من الله ورسوله وإن تبتم فلكم رؤوس أموالكم لا تظلمون ولا تظلمون) (البقرة: 278 و 279) O BELIEVERS! FEAR GOD, AND GIVE UP THE INTEREST THAT REMAINS OUTSTANDING, IF YOU ARE BELIEVERS (2:278). IF YOU DO NOT DO SO, THEN BE AWARE OF BEING AT WAR WITH GOD AND HIS MESSENGER. BUT IF YOU REPENT, YOU CAN HAVE YOUR PRINCIPAL. NEITHER SHOULD YOU COMMIT INJUSTICE, NOR SHOULD YOU BE SUBJECTED TO IT. (2:279)

  7. 6. HADITH وعن جابر رضي الله تعالي عنه قال:قال رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم لعن رسول الله صلي الله عليه وسلم آكل الربا و موكله وكاتبه و شاهديه،و قال وهم سواء(رواه مسلم والترمذي واحمد في مسنده) THE PROPHET, PEACE AND BLESSINGS OF GOD BE ON HIM, CURSED THE RECEIVER AND THE PAYER OF INTEREST, THE ONE WHO RECORDS THE TRANSACTION, AND THE TWO WITNESSES, AND SAID: “THEY ARE ALL ALIKE [IN GUILT]. (REPORTED BY MUSLIM FROM JABIR; ALSO TIRMIDHI AND MUSNAD AHMAD). وعن عبدالله بن حنظلة، غسيل الملائكة، قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : (درهم ربا يأكله الرجل وهو يعلم، أشد من ستة وثلاثين زنية) رواه أحمد ودار قطني THE PROPHET, PEACE AND BLESSINGS OF GOD BE ON HIM, SAID: “A DIRHAM OF RIBA WHICH A PERSON RECEIVES KNOWINGLY IS WORSE THAN COMMITTING ADULTERY THIRTY-SIX TIMES (REPORTED BY AHMAD AND DARAQUTNI FROM ABDALLAH IBN HANZALAH).

  8. وعن أبي هريرة رضي الله تعالى عنه عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: (ليأتين على الناس زمان لا يبقى أحد إلا أكل الربا فإن لم ياكله أصابه من غباره) رواه أحمد وأبو داود والنسائي وابن ماجه THE PROPHET, PEACE AND BLESSINGS OF GOD BE ON HIM, SAID: “THERE WILL COME A TIME FOR MANKIND WHEN EVERYONE WILL TAKE RIBA, AND IF HE DOES NOT DO SO, ITS DUST WILL REACH HIM. (REPORTED BY ABU DAWUD AND IBN MAJAH FROM ABU HURAYRAH).

  9. 7. WHAT IS RIBA? • LITERARY MEANING OR EXPANSION • INCREASE OR ADDITION( الزياذه اوالاضافة AND GROWTH OR EXPANSION (النمو او النماء • TECHNICAL MEANING A PREDETERMINED INCREASE AS A CONDITION FOR THE LOAN, IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER THE INCREMENT IS SMALL OR BIG. • عن أنس بن مالك رضي الله تعالى عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا أقرض أحدكم قرضاً فأهدى إليه طبقاً فلا يقبلها، أو حمله على دابة فلا يركبها إلا أن يكون جرى بينه وبينه قبل ذلك (رواه البيهقي في سننه) WHEN ANY ONE OF YOU GRANTS A LOAN AND THE BORROWER OFFERS HIM A DISH [OF FOOD], HE SHOULD NOT ACCEPTED IT; AND IF HE OFFERS HIM A RISE ON AN ANIMAL, HE SHOULD NOT RIDE, UNLESS THE TWO OF THEM ARE ACCUSTOMED TO EXCHANGING SUCH FAVOURS MUTUALLY (REPORTED BY AL-BAYHAQI IN HIS SUNAN FROM ANAS IBN MALIK)

  10. 8. ISLAM IS NOT ALONE IN CONDEMNING INTEREST • HINDUISM • JUDAISM • CHRISTIANITY • A NUMBER OF PHILOSOPHERS AND SCHOLARS

  11. 9. RIBA AL-NASI’AH عن أسامة أن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: (لا ربا إلا في النسيئة) رواه البخاري في صحيحه “THERE IS NO RIBA EXCEPT IN NASI’AH”(REPORTED BY AL-BUKHARI FROM USAMAH IBN ZAYD) عن فضالة بن عبيد، صاحب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، أنه قال: (كل قرض جر منفعة فهو وجه من وجوه الربا) موقوف، سنن البيهقي “THE BENEFIT DERIVED FORM ANY LOAN IS ONE OF THE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF RIBA” (REPORTED BY AL-BUYHAQI FROM FADALAH IBN ‘UHAYD(. THIS HADITH IS MAWQUF, IMPLYING THAT IT IS NOT NECESSARILY FROM THE PROPHET; IT COULD BE AN EXPLANATION PROVIDED BY FADALAH, A COMPANION OF THE PROPHET, PEACE AND BLESSINGS OF GOD BE ON HIM.

  12. 10. RIBA AL-FADL وعن أبي أمامة رضي الله عنه عن النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم قال:{من شفع لأخيه شفاعة،فأهدي له هدية،فقبلها،فقد أتي باباً عظيماً من أبواب الربا} رواه أحمد وأبو داود،وفي إسناده مقال من كتاب بلوغ المرام كتاب البيوع،باب الربا ص172 رقم861 FROM ABŪ UMAMAH: THE PROPHET, PEACE BE ON HIM, SAID: “WHOEVER MAKES A RECOMMENDATION FOR HIS BROTHER AND ACCEPTS A GIFT OFFERED BY HIM HAS ENTERED RIBĀ THROUGH ONE OF ITS LARGE GATES.”(BUIŪGH AL-MARĀM, KITĀB AL-BUYŪ‘, BĀB AL-RIBĀ, REPORTED ON THE AUTHORITY OF AHMAD AND ABŪ DĀWŪD) عن أنس عن جابر عن النبي صلي الله علي وسلم قال:{غبن المسترسل ربا}،كنز العمال ج4 ،ص45 رقم398 كتاب البيوع،الباب الثاني،الفصل الثاني،رواه البيهقي والسيوطي في الجامع الصغير،كلمة غبن FROM ANAS IBN MĀLIK: THE PROPHET, PEACE BE ON HIM, SAID: “DECEIVING A MUSTARSAL [AN UNKNOWING ENTRANT INTO THE MARKET] IS RIBĀ. (SUYŪTI, AL-JĀMI‘ AL-SAGHĪR, UNDER THE WORD GHABN; KANZ AL-‘UMMĀL, KITĀB AL-BUYŪ‘, AL-BĀB AL-THĀNĪ, AL-FASL AL-THĀNĪ, ON THE AUTHORITY OF SUNAN AL- BAYHAQĪ)

  13. عن عبد الله بن أبي أوفي عن النبي صلي الله عليه وسلم،قال:{الناجش آكل ربا ملعون}كنز العمال ج4،ص42 رقم395 (طب)،ابن حجر العسقلاني في فتح الباري،كتاب البيوع،باب النجش؛ والسيوطي في الجامع الصغير،كلمة الناجش؛ وكنز العمال؛ والطبراني في الكبير FROM ‘ABDALLAH IBN ABĪ AWFĀ: THE PROPHET, PEACE BE ON HIM, SAID: “A NĀJISH [ONE WHO SERVES AS AN AGENT TO BID UP THE PRICE IN AN AUCTION] IS A CURSED TAKER OF RIBĀ.”(CITED BY IBN HAJAR AL-‘ASQALĀNĪ IN HIS COMMENTARY ON AL- BUKHĀRĪ CALLED FATH AL-BĀRĪ, KITĀB AL-BUYŪ‘, BĀB AL-NAJSH; ALSO IN SUYŪTI, AL-JĀMI‘ AL- SAGHĪR, UNDER THE WORD AL-NĀJISH AND KANZ AL--‘UMMĀL, OP. CIT., BOTH ON THE AUTHORITY OF TABARĀNĪ’S AL-KABĪR)

  14. وعن عبادة بن الصامت، قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: [لا تبيعوا الذهب بالذهب، والفضة بالفضة، والبُر بالبُر، والشعير بالشعير، والتمر بالتمر، والملح بالملح، مثلاً بمثل، سواء بسواء، يداً بيد، فإذا اختلفت هذه الأصناف، فبيعوا كيف شئتم إذا كان يداً بيد]. رواه مسلم . ج3، ص 1211، رقم81، كتاب المساقاة، باب الصرف وبيع الذهب بالورق نقداً؛ ورواه الترمذي. FROM ‘UBĀDAH IBN AL-SĀMIT: THE PROPHET, PEACE BE ON HIM, SAID: “GOLD FOR GOLD, SILVER FOR SILVER, WHEAT FOR WHEAT, BARLEY FOR BARLEY, DATES FOR DATES, AND SALT FOR SALT - LIKE FOR LIKE, EQUAL FOR EQUAL, AND HAND-TO-HAND; IF THE COMMODITIES DIFFER, THEN YOU MAY SELL AS YOU WISH, PROVIDED THAT THE EXCHANGE IS HAND-TO-HAND.” (MUSLIM, KITĀB AL- MUSĀQĀT, BĀB AL-SARFI WA BAY‘I AL-DHAHABI BI AL-WARAQI NAQDAN; ALSO IN TIRMIDHĪ

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