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Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts. Anatomy and Physiology of Human Movement 420:050. Outline. Levers Anatomical Levers. Outline. Levers Anatomical Levers. Introduction to Levers. Lever: Simple machine that operates according to principle of torques
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Basic Biomechanical Factors and Concepts Anatomy and Physiology of Human Movement 420:050
Outline • Levers • Anatomical Levers
Outline • Levers • Anatomical Levers
Introduction to Levers • Lever: Simple machine that operates according to principle of torques • Torque: The turning effect of a force T = Fd
d How can you change torque? 1. Change F 2. Change d 3. Change direction of F F
d Optimal direction = 90 degrees F
Function of Levers • Two functions: 1. Force 2. Speed/ROM
Function of Levers • Force • Examples? • Common traits? • Rigid bar • Fixed point • Lever movement vs. resistance movement
R F
Function of Levers • Speed/ROM • Examples? • Common traits? • Rigid bar • Fixed point • Lever movement vs. resistance movement
R F
Components of a Lever System • Lever: Rigid bar • Fulcrum: Axis of rotation/fixed point • Force: • Applied force (F) • Resistance force (R) • Moment arm: d • Applied force • Resistance
More Concepts • Mechanical advantage • Levers designed for force • Mechanical disadvantage • Levers designed for speed/ROM
F R Mechanical advantage or disadvantage? How does mechanical advantage affect movement of the lever?
Advantage: Small effort moves big resistance Disadvantage: Big movement required to move resistance a small distance
Human Application? • Lever? Bones (Not always a bar) • Fulcrum? Joints • Applied force? Muscles • Resistance force? Weight of limb, external resistance
Classification of Levers • Lever classification based on the relative location of: 1. Axis of rotation/fulcrum (A) 2. Resistance force (R) 3. Applied force (F) A R F
First Class Lever • Center: (A) – Axis of rotation/fulcrum • Mechanical advantage • Mechanical disadvantage • Examples Crow bar Seesaw
Second Class Lever • Center: (R) – Resistance force • Mechanical advantage • Always • Mechanical disadvantage • Never • Examples Wheelbarrow Nutcracker
Third Class Lever • Center: (F) – Applied force • Mechanical advantage • Never • Mechanical disadvantage • Always • Examples Rowing Shoveling Bat, tennis racket
Human Application • First class lever • Elbow extension against a resistance
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage (R) – Resistance force (F) – Applied force (A) – Axis of rotation/fulcrum
Human Application • Second class lever • Ankle plantar flexion
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage? Not many in the body
Human Application • Third class lever • Elbow flexion
Mechanical advantage or disadvantage? Many of these in body
In general, is the human body built for force application or speed/ROM?