Morphology and Lexicon 形态学 词汇学

1. Morphology and Lexicon形态学 词汇学 Chapter 3

2. Word (p. 74) • Definition • Four characteristics • Classification (see the handout)

3. Morpheme （语素）81 Definition: -- Themost basic element of meaning in language that carries grammatical and / or semantic meaning，an element that cannot be further divided into smaller units. unacceptable un, accept, able

4. Morpheme may be a word or an affix. 1. work 2. chairman 3. boys 4. sleeping 5. disappointment work (one-morpheme word) chair man (two-morpheme word) boy -s sleep -ing dis- appoint -ment (three-morpheme word)

5. Types of Morphemes (p. 83) 1. Free morpheme & bound morpheme 2. Root, affix and stem 3. Inflectional affix & derivational affix

6. Morpheme 语素 Bound Morpheme--Affix 粘附语素 Free Morpheme 自由语素 Derivative Morpheme 派生语素 定义：not occur by themselves, has meaning when connected with another morpheme Inflectional Morpheme 屈折语素 定义：constitute words by themselves 定义：change grammatical meaning 定义：change lexical meaning Ex.: girl, book, dog Ex.: dis-, co-, -ful, -en Ex.: -s, -ed, -ing, er, est

7. Free morpheme & Bound morpheme (83) • Free morpheme（自由语素）： those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves. e.g. boy, girl, desk, chair Mono-morphemic words (单语素词) All the mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.

8. bookmark, bookworm, sunflower, undertake Poly-morphemic words(多语素词） Compounds (复合词) Those words consist of free morphemes only.

9. dislike, friendly, boys, looked Poly-morphemic words(多语素词） Free + bound morphemes

10. Bound Morpheme: Root & Affix & Stem unfriendliness internationalism nationalism friendliness nation friend Root

11. Root 词根 (83) The base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning, that is to say, it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are moved. All words contain a root morpheme. The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.

13. A word root prefix suffix determine change determine The meaning of a word The meaning of a word The characteristic of a word

14. Stem 词干 (83) any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. friends friend (root) friendships friendship (base)

15. uninteresting un- (prefix) -ing (suffix) interesting (stem, base) interest (root, stem) interest (root)

16. Try Root or base? individualistic Individualist (?) Individual (?) base base Divide(?) dividual (?) undesirables Undesirable (?) root Desirable(?) base base base Desire(?) root

17. Types of Bound Morpheme Inflectional morpheme (屈折语素)=inflectional affix(屈折词缀)：change the grammatical meaning (number, aspect, case, tense) Derivative morpheme（派生语素）=derivative affix (派生词缀）: change the lexical meaning

18. girls, father's, talked, higher, happiest, giving, singing, called, likes, speeches,lowest • anti-war, co-exist, entertainment,existence, essayist,irregular,unlucky,unfavorable, disagreement inflectional affixes derivative affixes

19. Inflectional affixes include: suffixes -s/-es noun plural -'snoun possessive -s/-es verb present tense third person singular -ed verb simple past tense -ed verb past perfect participle -ing verb present participle/gerund -er adjective comparative -est adjective superlative

20. derivative affixes include: prefixes & suffixes Ex. exist existence existent child childhood childish distinct distinction distinctive create creativity creation creative

21. dis+like+s derivative free inflectional morpheme

22. light+en+ed free derivative inflectional morpheme

23. Derivative morpheme(改变词义): 改变词义：dis-, un-, multi-, micro- 改变词性：en-, -full, -ment Inflectional morpheme（改变语法含义）: 改变名称的性，数，格：-ess, -s, 改变动词的时, 态，体: -ing, -ed, 改变形容词的级：-er, -est

24. self-check IA DA classes classmate learned movement skiing illogical experienced highest depart Jane's careless smaller DA IA & DA DA IA & DA IA IA & DA DA IA IA DA

25. Chameleon变色龙

26. Chameleon The skin color is determined by the color of the nearby environment. Two different skin colors cannot occur in the same environment. Although a chameleon’s skin color may change, the essence remains unchanged.

27. Allomorph(p. 82) • An allomorph(词素变体) is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. • Features: ※ the various shapes or forms of the same morpheme, ※ has the same meaning, ※ but has different phonological forms.

28. Example: the plural morpheme • Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as “dog, bark, cat”,etc. In other instances, there may be some variations, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms, e.g., the plural morpheme: • map----maps [s] • dog----dogs [z] • watch----watches [iz] • mouse----mice [ai] • ox----oxen [n] • tooth----teeth • sheep----sheep • Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme. ｛-s｝

29. Ex.: allomorphs in prefixes allomorphs morpheme negative morpheme in- morph1: im morph2: ir morph3: il impossible irregular illegal A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.

30. Ex.: allomorphs in suffix morpheme noun morpheme -ion morph1: tion morph2: ation morph3: sion description modernization decision [describe] [modernize] [decide] • -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix. allomorphs

31. Ex.: indefinite article • a hotel   a boy    a wagon    a university  • an apple  an hour  an orange  an old lady   • /E/ and /En/ are allomorphs of the same morpheme because they have the same meaning: both indicate indefiniteness of a singular object or person.

32. Types of Allomorphs • Phonologically conditioned allomorphs 音位环境变体 • Morphologically conditioned allomorphs 词位环境变体

33. Word Formation (pp. 86-91) • Indicate the process of word-formation by which the following words are created: • happily, UNESCO, enlarge, gym, fish (v.), NATO, summarize, math, wonton, bookshelf, hardliner, airport, flower (v.), pop, pub, beg, exhibit, ballute, dim sum, knockoff, groupon, bieber fever

34. Learn for Fun • A Nonversation -- a conversation that seems meaningless or ridiculous. • An E-Quaintance -- a person who you only 'know' through online networking. • To Gaslight(verb) -- to drive someone crazy by making them doubt their memory or perceptions. • Drizzmal(adjective) drizzle+mal -- a description of rainy weather that causes melancholy. • Cyberchondria cyber+hypochondria -- one who imagines that he is ill, having just read about the symptoms on the Internet! 疑病症状

35. What is Lexicon? • Lexicon is a collective word, having the same meaning withvocabulary. • In a special sense, it also means the overall word collection of one field.专门领域词汇集合 • In its technical sense, lexicon deals with the analysis and creation ofwords, idioms, and collocations.

37. Lexeme 词位，词素 • phoneme/morpheme/lexeme 音素/语素、形态素/词素 • The fundamental unit of the lexicon of a language. Some lexemes (such as put up with) consist of more than one word. • A lexeme is a minimal free form and may be a word or a phrase. • The difference between morpheme and lexeme?

38. Collocation • It means the acceptable combination between individual lexical items, which are different forms of some lexemes. • Rules governing the selection of lexical items to form a collocation: 1. logical “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” 2. semantic “Tom bites the dog quickly” 3. lexical “make attention to” 4. grammatically correct “I went there (with) her.”

39. Special Phrases • Idioms (what is called an idiom?) Features: 1) semantic unity 2) structural stability Types in nature: verbal, nominal, adjectival • Proverbs (what are proverbs?) Forms: sentential or phrasal Social function: used to give advice and state some general human life and problem.

40. Fill in the blanks: • The ( )was defined by the structuralists as the smallest unit of meaning. The variants of a morpheme are called ( ). Morphemes are either ( ) or ( ), and bound morphemes are subdivided into ( ) and ( )morphemes. • Words: free, king, bore, are ______ morphemes; -dom, as in freedom, kingdom, boredom, is a _______ morpheme. • A small set of conj., prep, and pron. belongs to ___ class, while the largest part of n., v., and adj. belongs to __________ class.

41. Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it: • A B • a. Noisy crow 1. compound noun • b. Scarecrow 2. root morpheme plus derivational prefix • c. The crow 3. phrase consisting of adj. plus noun • d. Crowlike 4. root morpheme plus inflectional affix • e. Crows 5. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morpheme

42. After each basic word write three words made by the addition of prefixes or suffixes: • Act _______ ______ ______ • Mature _______ ______ ______ • Dear _______ _______ ______ • Direct _______ _______ ______