Review of Past Materials

1. Review of Past Materials • 4 basic elements that make up the body • 4 basic molecules that make up the body • Effect of pH on molecule structure • Name the parts of the cell • What is the function of the cell parts? • What is the energy unit of the cell? Bio 130 Human Biology

2. 4 types of tissue make up the human body • Epithelial Tissue: • Skin and outer coverings, in-between • Connective Tissue: • Fills empty spaces, glues, support function • Muscle Tissue • Cells that contract • Nervous tissue • Excitable cells that move and store information Bio 130 Human Biology

3. Epithelial tissue Bio 130 Human Biology

4. Types of Epithelium • Glandular: secret substances • Exocrine glands secrete to the surface • Endocrine glands secret to the body (ductless) • Membranes • Mucus membranes line tubes and cavities of organ systems, secrete mucus that acts as lubricant. • Serous membranes line the thoracic cavity, do not contain glands also produce lubricants. Bio 130 Human Biology

5. This tissue is named according to its shape and arrangement Bio 130 Human Biology

6. The skin same as fig 4.1

7. Cell to Cell contact of epithelium • Tight junctions: • Cells share plasma membranes large molecules do not flow through. • Adhesion Junctions (desmosomes): • Like spot welds, cell structural proteins are held together. • Gap: • Junctions link cytoplasm of 2 cells so they can communicate better. Bio 130 Human Biology

9. Connective tissue • The Default category of tissues • General Characteristics • Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers • Fibers of collagen or elastin • Ground substance is the extracellular matrix surrounding and embedding the cells this is not living material. • Gives the tissue its characteristic. Bio 130 Human Biology

10. Typical fibrous connective tissue Bio 130 Human Biology

11. Connective tissue fibrous or (proper) • Loose connective tissue. • Supports epithelia and organs, lots of cells small fibers. • Dense irregular connective tissue. • Fewer cells and more thick fibers, forms protective capsules around organs. • Dense regular connective tissue. • Bundled collagen fibers laying in parallel found in ligaments and tendons. Bio 130 Human Biology

12. Placement and look of CT

13. More placement and look Bio 130 Human Biology

14. Fig 4.4 • Dense CT • Loose CT Bio 130 Human Biology

15. Summary of CT Table 4.1

16. Cartilage and Bone • Hyaline cartilage. • Elastic cartilage. • Firbocartilage. • Compact bone. • Spongy bone. • The cells of these tissues are called. • Osteocytes or Chondroblasts Bio 130 Human Biology

17. Special CT Bio 130 Human Biology

18. Blood and adipose tissue • Blood. • White and red blood cells in a liquid matrix. • Adipose tissue. • Specialized cells with very little matrix or fibers. Bio 130 Human Biology

19. Muscle. Can only pull not push Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue Neurons Sensory neurons pick up stimuli and conduct to CNS Motor neurons conduct impulses to muscles and glands. Other types of tissue Bio 130 Human Biology

21. Summary of Muscle

22. An organ is a collection of tissues that perform a function. • Organ system is a collection of organs that perform a function. • 11 organ systems will be reviewed in this class Know names on page 92,3 Bio 130 Human Biology

23. Skeletal system Muscular system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Nervous system Endocrine system Integument system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Immune system Reproductive system Tissues make organsOrgans make organ systems Bio 130 Human Biology

31. arrangement Look up the other ways to describe the body orientation

32. Body Cavities Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 4.8

33. Tissue Membranes: Line Body Cavities • Serous membrane: reduces friction between organs • Mucous membrane: lubricates surface, captures debris • Synovial membrane: lines spaces in movable joints • Cutaneous membrane: skin Bio 130 Human Biology

34. Anatomical Position or Direction Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 4.9

35. The Integument Your skin and how it works

37. Function of the skin • Covers and protects the body. • Control internal temperature. • Blood reservoir for the body. • Produces vitamin D. • Receptors to detect environmental stimuli. • Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the body or somatic system. Bio 130 Human Biology

38. Skin structure • Epidermis: is outermost layer. • Keratinization production of a waterproof protein. • Pigments, melanin, hemoglobin and carotene. • Dermis living portion of skin mostly dense connective tissue. • Contains vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, hairs. • Aging. • Reduction in cell division, thinning of skin, dryer less elastic. (due to different production of elastin and collogen) Bio 130 Human Biology

39. Bio 130 Human Biology

40. Effect of Aging on the skin • As the body ages, epidermal cells divide less often the skin becomes thinner, more susceptible to injury, drier and less elastic. Bio 130 Human Biology

41. The 3 components of control Sensory receptor Control center Effector cells detect change respond to receptor and send a signal perform function of change Homeostasis:maintaining the internal environment of the body Bio 130 Human Biology

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45. Bio 130 Human Biology