Collective Action and Financial Reporting under Convention on Biological Diversity

1. Collective Action and Financial Reporting under Convention on Biological Diversity Technical Support for Implementation Division Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity

2. Outline of the Presentation • Mandate of the financial reporting • Importance of collective action for resource mobilization • Methodologies for reporting on contribution of collective action of indigenous peoples and local communities

3. Mandate of Financial Reporting Decision XII/3 • Adoption of the revised Financial Reporting Framework (para. 24); • Parties and other Governments to report by 31 December 2015 (para. 25)

4. Structure of the Financial Reporting Framework 1. International financial resource flows 2. Inclusion of biodiversity in national priorities or development plans and financial provisions 3. Value assessment 4. Domestic biodiversity expenditures 5. Funding needs, gaps and priorities 6. National financial plans 7. Measures to encourage the private sector, non-governmental organizations, foundations and academia

5. From XII/3. Resource mobilization 29. Recognizes, in the financial reporting framework, the  role of collective action, including by indigenous and local communities, and non-market-based approaches for mobilizing resources for achieving the objectives of the Convention, …; 30. Takes note of the report “Conceptual and Methodological Framework for Evaluating the Contribution of Collective Action to Biodiversity Conservation” and its summary, and invites Parties, other Governments, and relevant stakeholder organizations to consider the following steps for its further development: (a)  To evaluate the contribution of collective action to biodiversity conservation and resource mobilization, including by establishing pilot projects, making use of, and further developing, as appropriate, the “Conceptual and Methodological Framework for Evaluating the Contribution of Collective Action to Biodiversity Conservation” , and other experiences;   (b)  To provide, within available resources, financial and technical assistance to developing country Parties and Parties with economies in transition for undertaking activities referred to in subparagraph (a) above; (c)  To provide, through the Financial Reporting Framework and other means, information on the contribution of collective action to biodiversity conservation, including on experiences and lessons learned in applying pertinent methodologies; 31. Requests the Executive Secretary, subject to the availability of resources, to facilitate the exchange of views and experiences on collective action of indigenous and local communities as referred to in paragraph 30 (c) above, and make this information available through the clearing house mechanism of the Convention and to the Subsidiary Body for Implementation at its first meeting for its consideration for update and provision of relevant guidelines;

6. 4. Domestic biodiversity expenditures

7. Collective action of indigenous and local communities

8. Evolving perspectives on IPLCs • 1960s: early pessimism about community action (Hardin, 1968) • 1990s: idealistic view of community-based conservation initiatives. Many anti-desertification policies tried in the Sahel in 1970s and 1980s failed • 2000s: community-based management regimes may be appropriate in some circumstances, but not in others

9. Collective action of indigenous and local communities • UNEP/CBD/COP/12/13/ADD5/REV1: Report on Activities on Collective Actions and Non-Market-Based Approaches for Resource Mobilization • Communities - not simply homogenous groups that work harmoniously to promote group objectives. More accurately seen as complex and dynamic institutions that are often characterized by internal differences and processes

10. Majority of seeds used are from local crop diversity or from seed saved from earlier purchases • Morocco: less than 13% of durum wheat seed and 2.5% of food legumes, from the formal sector • Nepal: less than 3% of rice • Burkina Faso: less than 5% of sorghum • Community-based natural resource management: 43.9% of dryland protected areas

13. Recreation and Tourism • About 30% of travel and tourism revenues are related to cultural and ecotourism. Global travel and tourism: • 11% of global GDP • 200 million people or 7.6 % of total jobs • nearly 700 million international travelers per year • 36% of trade in commercial services in industrial economies and 66% in developing economies; • 3–10% of GDP in advanced economies and up to 40% in developing economies; • one of the top five exports for 83% of countries and the main source of foreign currency for at least 38% of countries (WTO).

15. GEF – Co-financing

16. Rationale underlying the Convention Historic arguments New studies

17. Rationale underlying the Convention Kubiszewski, Ida, Robert Costanzaa, Lham Dorjib, Philip Thoennesc, Kuenga Tsheringb (2013). An initial estimate of the value of ecosystem services in Bhutan, Ecosystem Services, Volume 3, March 2013, Pages e11–e21

18. Rationale underlying the Convention • Value of ecosystem services in Bhutan: $15.5 billion/yr, vs GDP of $3.5 billion/yr • 53% of the total benefits accrue to people outside Bhutan • 47% to people inside the country: 15 % at the national level, and 32% at the local level

19. Calls for valuation Payment for ecosystem services Biodiversity offsetting Green markets etc.. Intrinsic values Economic values

20. Kenya: Local councils oversee the Masai Mara National Reserve, local communities were entitled to 19% of reserve revenues, but received little or no money since the mid-1990s • Cameroon: Mining concessions by foreign companies • Ethiopia: Micro dams to increase the availability of water for irrigation, / incidence of malaria seven times higher

21. Future: transparency and accessibility of information • Develop options for strengthening systems of information on biodiversity-related international financial resource flows to developing countries, as well as on domestic resource flows, with a view to further increasing transparency and accessibility of information

22. Thank You Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity World Trade Centre 413 St. Jacques street, Suite 800 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 1N9 Tel. 1 (514) 288 2220 secretariat@cbd.int www.cbd.int