Classification of Matter

1. Classification of Matter Elements, Compounds, Mixtures

2. Lesson Objective • Physical and Chemical Changes. • Elements • Compounds • Mixtures

3. Physical and Chemical Changes • All reaction in Chemistry can be divided into two types of changes:PhysicalorChemical. • Physical Change: • NO new substance is formed. • These changes are easily reversible or temporary. • An example is dissolving salt in water. • Other examples of physical change include:melting, boiling, mixing 2 solids or liquids.

4. Physical and Chemical Changes • Chemical Change: • A NEW substance is formed. • These changes are irreversible or permanent. • The new substance formed will have different properties compared to its original elements. (E.g. different melting and different chemical reactions from the original substance.)

5. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures “ single, attached, play play…”

6. Introducing Little Miss “Element” Hi! I am Little Miss “Element” I am PURE SUBSTANCE I cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by means of a chemical reaction* or electricity**! *Chemical process refers to chemical reaction or heat **Electricity refers to electrolysis

7. Elements Definition of an element: An element is a pure substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. Sugar is not an element as it can be broken down into carbon and water.

8. Elements Note that an element: • Consists of only one kind of atom, • Cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by either physical or chemical means • Can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or molecules (e.g., nitrogen).

9. Examples of elements Elements are made up of tiny particles Elements can be further classified into two groups: Molecules Atoms Is made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together (note: these atoms are of the SAME element!!) Is the smallest particle of an element and has the same chemical properties of the element Hi, I am from the “Noble gas” family and I work alone We same same!!

10. Cu Na He O O O H H These are elements! Atoms of same element Molecules of same element Hydrogen gas element copper element helium element ozone sodium element

11. Atoms An element is made of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms of an element is different from that of another element.

12. Elements- Atoms Consists of only one kind of atom Microscopic view of the atoms of the element argon (gas phase).

13. Na H Cl What is an atom? Examples of models of atoms: Hydrogen atom Sodium atom Chlorine atom

14. For example, hydrogen is H2. Ozone is O3. Molecules Very few elements exists as atoms besides elements such as helium and neon. Most elements exist as molecules.

15. Elements-Molecules Consists of only one kind of atom Microscopic view of the molecules of the element nitrogen (gas phase).

16. O O O O H H O Examples of molecules (elements) S S S S S S S N N S

17. Allotropes of Carbon molecule (element) • Carbon is an element but made up of a very large molecule (also known as MACROMOLECULE) • There are 3 types of carbon molecular structures • C60 • Diamond • Graphite

18. Chemical Symbols of Elements Chemists use symbols to represent elements. For example, O represents oxygen while Fe represents iron.

19. Introducing Little Miss “Compounds” Harlow! Hehee!!! *giggles* I am also a PURE SUBSTANCE I am made up of a fixed number of two or more elements chemically combined.

20. Compounds Note that a compound: • can be broken down into a simpler type of matter (elements) by chemical means (but not by physical means), • has properties that are different from its component elements, and • always contains the same ratio of its component atoms.

21. Cu H H What is a compound? A compound is a substance which is made up of two or more elementschemically combined together. • Chemical reactions taking place. Qn: Is this a compound? Qn: Is this a compound? Qn: Is this a compound? O It only contains one type of element. It only contains one type of element. O It is not chemically combined. H H O

22. O N H H H H H So, what is a compound then? Water Ammonia gas Consists of two or more elements And They are chemically combined together!

23. Compounds Microscopic view of the molecules of the compound water (gas phase). Oxygen atoms are red and hydrogen atoms are white.

24. Making compounds from their elements Example: Making water (picture) lighted splint ELEMENTS COMPOUND hydrogen (colourless gas) oxygen (colourless gas) heat, light and explosion water (colourless liquid) Example: Making water (models) mixture of hydrogen and oxygen water heat, light and explosion Water molecule Hydrogen molecule Oxygen molecule

25. Making compounds from their elements Example: Making iron sulphide compound compound elements heat Iron + sulphur  iron sulphide +  heat yellow grey black

26. Little Miss “Compound” Property #2 I am formed by atoms of different elements. However, I do not have the properties as them. Examples • Na + Cl2 NaCl (s) (g) (s) • H2 + O2  H2O (g) (g) (l)

27. Little Miss “Compound” Property #3 Electrolysis (breaking down of compound by electricity) 2MgCl(s)  Mg(s) +Cl2(g) Thermal Decomposition (breaking down of compound by heat) HgO(s)  Hg(s) + O2(g) Because of my chemical bonds, I cannot be broken down by physical means. I can only be broken down by chemical reaction or electricity.

28. Summarizing • A compound is made up of two or more elementschemically joined together • A compound has a fixed composition • Every compound has a unique chemical formula • A compound has a completely different properties from its elements • A chemical reaction (decomposition or electrolysis) is needed to separate the elements in the compound

29. S S S S O O S N N S S S H O O O H N H C H H Molecules- Elements or compounds? • A molecule consists of two or more atoms of the same element, or different elements, that are chemically bound together. • It can be a molecule of an element • E.g. N2, O2, S8 • It can be molecule of a compound. • H2O, CO2, NH3

30. AIR Introducing Little Mr. “Mixture” Burp!!!! I am messy! I am formed when two or more substances joined together physically (without chemical bonds) I have the same properties as all the substances I am his best friend!

31. Mixtures Definition of a mixture: A mixture is not a pure substance as it contains a mixture of atoms of molecules which are not chemically combined together.

32. Mixtures • Note that a mixture: • consists of two or more different elements and/or compounds NOT chemically combined. • Can be homogeneous or non-homogeneous • can be separated into its components by physical means, and • often retains many of the properties of its components.

33. Mixtures Microscopic view of a gaseous mixture containing two elements (argon and nitrogen) and a compound (water).

34. Mixtures • Examples of mixtures include muddy water and air. Air is made up of gases such as nitrogen and oxygen mixed together.

35. Little Mr “Mixture” I do not have a fixed composition of the substances. A Mixture can be: • element + element • element + compound • compound + compound He can be separated to its substances by physical methods

36. A mixture of 2 elements A mixture of two elements, e.g. neon (Ne) and hydrogen (H2)

37. A mixture of 1 element and 1 compound A mixture of one element and one compound, e.g. hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3)

38. A mixture of 2 compounds A mixture of two compounds, e.g. water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

39. Mr Alloy Alloy: What is it?? • It is a mixture of metals with other elements • Alloy metals are generally stronger and better in physical properties • Examples • Steel (Iron + Carbon) • Stainless Steel (Nickel + Iron + Chromium + carbon) • Brass (Copper + Zinc) Yup! That’s ME!

40. Can you differentiate? Mixture of 2 elements-Alloy Molecules of an element Mixture of element & compound Compound Mixture of 2 elements

41. Conclusion An element is a pure substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. A compound consist of a fixed number of different kinds of atoms chemically combined together. A mixture is not a pure substance as it contains a mixture of atoms of molecules which are not chemically combined together.

42. Difference between mixtures and compounds.

43. Difference between mixtures and compounds.

44. Difference between mixtures and compounds.

45. Difference between mixtures and compounds.

46. Laugh what? I know I am a little “bushy and hairy” than you… Differences between mixtures and compounds *giggles* HeE stupid… VS Mr Messy Little Miss Compound

47. Comparison between mixtures and compounds Mixture Compound Separation /breakdown Components can be separated by physical methods Elements in a compound Cannot be separated by physical methods Properties (chemical / physical) Same properties as its components Properties are unique and different from its elements Energy Change No chemical change takes place when a mixture in formed A chemical reaction takes place when a compound is formed Mp / Bp Variable Fixed Composition Does not have a fixed composition Has a fixed composition

48. Challenge Time • Is mineral water an element, mixture or compound?

49. Challenge Time • Are YOU an element, mixture or compound?

50. EXTRA! • Human body is made up of 28 elements? • About 99% our mass is made up of the 6 main elements • Oxygen (65%) • Carbon (18%) • Hydrogen (10%) • Nitrogen (3%) • Calcium (1.5%) • Phosphorus (1.5%)